Progress in China Epidemiology

Description:

This book is intended to show the great achievements and valuable experience of Chinese public health practices and epidemiological theories and methods. It is conducive to expanding medical workers’ practical ability of disease prevention and control, and to bridging the gap between clinical medicine and public health.

In part 1, it introduces the progress in epidemiology of 10 infectious diseases. In part 2, it covers 11 non-communicable diseases. The research method and prediction modelling and public health ethics are discussed in the 11 chapters of part 3.

The contributors include epidemiologists and public health experts, as well as more clinicians, mathematicians, sociologists, philosophers (ethicists), bioinformatics and so on. Among them, there are not only professors from universities, but also researchers from scientific research institutes, and experts in the front line of disease prevention and control.

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Preface

It is well-known that China’s modern history was an era that is full of suffering and precariousness. So, it is not surprised that the development of epidemiology in China has experienced many challenges and epidemics. In the history of epidemiology in China, there is a landmark event worth mentioning, that is, the famous epidemiologist Liande Wu directed the eradication of the Northeast plague in 1910. Fortunately, the People’s Republic of China was established in 1949. The development of epidemiology in China has thus ushered in a new era. For instance, smallpox has been successfully eliminated, and great success has been achieved in the prevention and control of infectious diseases such as schistosomiasis, malaria, and plague. After that, the Chinese economy continuously grew due to the Economic Reform and open up policy, non-communicable disease prevention and control thus has received more focus. As a consequence, chronic non-communicable disease control has also made tremendous progress. Today, the average life expectancy in China has reached 76.5 years, more than twice that of 70 years ago (35 years).

Truth comes from practice. Chinese epidemiologists and CDC workers have accumulated much experience in disease prevention and control from countless epidemiological practices. Naturally, China’s epidemiological research and disease prevention and control work has made world-renowned achievements in last decades.

Therefore, at the beginning of 2020, the heads of Springer Nature and PMPH and I had the idea of planning and publishing a book that can fully reflect the progress of epidemiology in China. To this end, I invited Chinese professors, academicians, well-known experts, and scholars engaged in epidemiology research to compile this book jointly. We aim to share Chinese valuable experience and achievement in disease control in recent decades with the world. Moreover, we hope this book can facilitate the development of epidemiology and promote human health around the world.

Given the excessive content, we have to publish this book in volumes. Currently, this edition is the first volume of this series, but more fantastic research fruits will be shared with readers in the future. This book covers three major parts. Part 1 is about infectious diseases. We focus on dengue fever, and tuberculosis, which have very successful prevention and control experience in China. In Part 2, we selected chronic non-communicable diseases such as injury, lung cancer, and pharmacoepidemiology as the main content. Part 3 is about the epidemiological method, which includes a detailed introduction to the improvement of methods in the prediction model of diseases.

We are very proud that all authors of this book have excellent writing ability and vast academic influence. I believe this book will bring a feast of Chinese epidemiological experiences sharing to the world.

The publication of Progress in China Epidemiology is one of my dreams that I have strived for years. In writing this book, we invited well-known experts in the field of epidemiology to carry out multiple and mutual reviews to ensure professional and academic value. Special thanks to my old friend, also the main reviewer of the book, Professor Liming Li from the School of Public Health, Peking University, for giving his constructive comments on the topic and content of this book. Thanks to Dr. Xinyu Fang, the secretary of this book, for her hard work. Besides, I would like to thank the Inflammation and Immune-mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University of Science and Technology, and my alma mater, Anhui Medical University, for providing me with lots of support. Also, many thanks to all authors of this book and Mr. Bin Hu

Table of contents :

Preface
Contents
1: The Infectious Diseases Associated with Behavior and Ecological Changes
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Examples of Behavior and Ecology-Induced Infectious Diseases
1.2.1 Plague
1.2.2 Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in China
1.2.3 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
1.2.4 Escherichia coli O157:H7 Infection
1.2.5 Human Infection of Streptococcus suis
1.3 Behavioral and Ecological Factors that Can Cause Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases
1.3.1 Large-Scale Farming of Economic Animals Without Concern of Infectious Diseases
1.3.2 Large-Scale Supply of Piglets and Lambs Carrying Pathogens
1.3.3 Changes in Dietary Habits
1.3.4 Trade Activities
1.3.5 Large-Scale Production, Transportation, and Distribution of Food Products
1.3.6 Modern Pharmaceutical Production Methods that Expand the Impact of Incidental Contamination
1.3.7 Unsafe Sexual Behavior
1.3.8 Unprotected Exposure to Vectors Carrying Pathogens Such as Ticks
1.3.9 Unprotected Exposure to Wildlife
1.3.10 The Large-Scale Development of Transportation Means and Methods
1.4 Prevention and Control of Behavior and Ecology-Induced Infectious Diseases
1.4.1 Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases by Controlling Social Behavior
1.4.1.1 Successful Prevention of Re-Emergence of SARS by Prohibition of Large-Scale Masked Palm Civets Trade
1.4.1.2 Effective Control of the Scale of the Outbreaks of H5N1 and H7N9 Avian Influenza in Humans by Closure of Live Poultry Markets
1.4.2 Individual Behavior
References
2: Progress in Epidemiology of Emerging Tick-Borne Infections in China
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Emergence of Emerging Tick-Borne Agents in the Mainland of China
2.3 Emerging SFGR Infections
2.4 Emerging Infections with Agents in the Family Anaplasmataceae
2.5 Emerging Infections with Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato
2.6 Emerging Babesia Infections
2.7 Emerging SFTSV Infections
2.8 Factors Contributing to the Emergence of Tick-Borne Infections
2.9 Perspectives
2.10 Search Strategy and Selection Criteria
References
3: Progress on Epidemiology of Influenza A(H1N1)
3.1 Etiology of Influenza A(H1N1)
3.1.1 Structure and Biological Characteristics of Influenza A(H1N1) Virus
3.1.1.1 Structure of Influenza A(H1N1) Virus
3.1.1.2 Classification of Influenza Viruses
3.1.2 Origin of Influenza A(H1N1) Virus
3.1.3 Cross-Species Transmission and Host of Influenza A(H1N1) Virus
3.1.3.1 Cross-Species Transmission of Influenza A(H1N1) Virus
3.1.3.2 The Hosts and Receptors of Influenza A Virus
3.1.4 Virulence and Drug Susceptibility of Influenza A(H1N1)
3.1.4.1 Virulence of Influenza A(H1N1)
3.1.4.2 Analysis of Drug Susceptibility
3.2 Epidemiology of Influenza A(H1N1)
3.2.1 Epidemiological Characteristics
3.2.1.1 Discovery of Influenza A(H1N1)
3.2.1.2 Profile of Influenza A(H1N1) Epidemic
3.2.1.3 Epidemiological Characteristics of Influenza A(H1N1)
3.2.1.4 Epidemic Characteristics under China’s Effective Intervention in Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1)
3.2.2 Epidemic Relevant Parameters
3.3 Progress in Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Influenza A(H1N1)
3.3.1 Clinical Feature
3.3.1.1 Clinical Manifestation
3.3.1.2 Risk Factors for Severe Illness of Influenza A(H1N1)
3.3.2 Laboratory Findings
3.3.2.1 Peripheral Hemogram
3.3.2.2 Biochemical Examination of Blood
3.3.2.3 Etiological Examinations
3.3.2.4 Chest Radiological Examinations
3.3.3 Diagnosis and Classification
3.3.3.1 Diagnostic Criteria
3.3.3.1.1 Suspected Case
3.3.3.1.2 Clinically Diagnosed Cases
3.3.3.1.3 Confirmed Cases
3.3.3.2 Diagnosis of Severe and Critical Influenza A(H1N1)
3.3.4 Complications
3.3.5 Treatment
3.3.5.1 Isolation
3.3.5.2 Symptomatic Treatment
3.3.5.3 Antiviral Therapy
3.3.5.4 Other Treatment
3.3.5.5 Discharge Standard
3.4 Progress of Influenza A(H1N1) Vaccine
3.4.1 Comparison of Influenza A(H1N1) Virus Strain and Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Strain
3.4.2 Research Progress of Influenza A(H1N1) Vaccine in China
3.4.3 Influenza A(H1N1) Vaccine Approved by the United States and the European Union
References
4: Progress in Novel Vaccine Clinical Epidemiology Research in China
4.1 Recombined Hepatitis E Vaccine
4.1.1 Background and Rational
4.1.2 Methods
4.1.2.1 Participants and Study Site
4.1.2.2 Design of Optimal Dosage, Formulation, and Immunization Schedule
4.1.2.3 Study Design of Vaccine Efficacy
4.1.2.4 Statistical Analysis
4.1.3 Results
4.1.3.1 Optimal Dose, Dosage Form, and Vaccination Schedule of HEV Vaccine
4.1.3.2 Efficacy of HEV Vaccine
4.1.4 Conclusions
4.1.4.1 Safety
4.1.4.2 Immunogenicity
4.1.4.3 Efficacy
4.1.4.4 Post-Licensure Surveillance
4.2 Enterovirus 71 Vaccine
4.2.1 Background and Rational
4.2.2 Methods
4.2.2.1 Participants and Study Sites
4.2.2.2 Design of Optimal Dosage, Formulation, and Immunization Schedule
4.2.2.3 Study Design of Vaccine Efficacy
4.2.2.4 Statistical Analysis
4.2.3 Results
4.2.3.1 Immune Program for Optimal Immune Dose Form
4.2.3.2 Efficacy
4.2.4 Conclusion and Evaluation
4.2.4.1 Safety
4.2.4.2 Immunogenicity
4.2.4.3 Efficacy
4.2.4.4 Post-Licensure Surveillance
4.2.4.5 Evaluation
4.3 Ebola Vaccine
4.3.1 Background
4.3.2 Methods
4.3.2.1 Participants and Locations
4.3.2.2 Design of Optimal Dosage, Formulation, and Immunization Schedule
4.3.2.3 Statistical Analysis
4.3.3 Results
4.3.3.1 The Target Vaccine Dose, or Formulations and Regimen for Primary Immunization
4.3.3.2 A Homologous Boost After the Primary Immunization
4.3.3.3 Immunogenicity and Safety for Optimal Doses of the Vaccine
4.3.4 Conclusion
4.3.4.1 Safety
4.3.4.2 Immunogenicity
4.3.4.3 Efficacy
4.4 Summary
References
5: Progress in Epidemiology of Ebola Virus Disease
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Etiology and Animal Host
5.3 Clinical Features and Prognosis
5.4 Transmission
5.4.1 Contact Transmission
5.4.2 Household Transmission
5.4.3 Nosocomial Transmission
5.4.4 Sexual Transmission
5.4.5 Other Possible Transmission
5.5 Overview of EVD Epidemic Distribution
5.5.1 Seasonal, Population, and Regional Distribution Characteristics
5.5.2 Distribution Characteristics of Virus Subtypes
5.6 Influencing Factors
5.6.1 Natural Environmental Factors
5.6.2 Factors of Human Behavior and Cultural Practices
5.6.3 Socioeconomic and Political Factors
5.7 Prevention and Control
5.7.1 Drugs and Vaccines
5.7.2 Control and Intervention
5.8 Prospects and Challenges
5.9 Conflict of Interest
References
6: Progress in Dengue Epidemiology
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Disease Burden and Epidemiology
6.2.1 Geographic Distribution
6.2.2 Temporal Distribution
6.2.3 Population Distribution
6.3 Risk Factors for Transmission
6.3.1 Source of Infection
6.3.2 Route of Transmission
6.3.3 Susceptible Population and Mechanism
6.3.4 Virus and Detection
6.3.5 Epidemic Process
6.3.6 Impact Factors and Transmission Process
6.4 Control and Prevention Strategy
6.4.1 Surveillance and Forecast
6.4.1.1 Epidemic Surveillance
6.4.1.2 Vector Surveillance
6.4.1.3 Forecast, Prediction, and 3S Technology
6.4.2 Control System and Organization
6.4.2.1 Vector Control
6.4.2.2 Case Management
6.4.2.3 Health Education
6.4.2.4 Protection of the Susceptible Population
6.5 Future Challenge
References
7: Epidemiological Progress of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Etiology
7.2.1 Morphology and Structure
7.2.2 Resistance
7.2.3 Infectivity and Virulence
7.3 Epidemiology
7.3.1 Epidemic Characteristics
7.3.2 Host Animals and Vectors
7.3.3 Route of Transmission
7.3.4 Susceptible Population
7.4 Clinical Features, Diagnosis, and Treatment
7.4.1 Pathogenesis
7.4.2 Pathological Features
7.4.3 Symptoms and Signs
7.4.4 Laboratory Examination
7.4.5 Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
7.4.6 Treatment
7.4.7 Prognosis
7.5 Prevention and Control
References
8: Progress in Epidemiology of Tuberculosis in China
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Epidemiology of Latent Tuberculosis Infection
8.2.1 Overview
8.2.2 Diagnostics of LTBI
8.2.3 Future Perspectives
8.2.4 Recommended Populations for LTBI Testing
8.2.5 Preventive Treatment Regimen
8.2.5.1 Daily Isoniazid Monotherapy
8.2.5.2 Weekly Rifapentine Plus Isoniazid
8.2.5.3 Daily Rifampicin plus Isoniazid
8.2.5.4 Daily Rifampicin Monotherapy for 3–4 Months
8.2.5.5 Management During the Treatment Course
8.2.5.6 Withdrawal Criterion
8.3 Epidemiology of Active Tuberculosis
8.3.1 The Epidemic of Active TB
8.3.2 Diagnosis of Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis
8.3.3 Treatment of Tuberculosis
8.3.3.1 Health Nutrition Therapy
8.3.3.2 The Era of Standard Chemotherapy
8.3.4 The Era of Standard Chemotherapy for Tuberculosis
8.3.5 The Era of Short-Course Chemotherapy for TB
8.3.6 Therapeutic Principle
8.3.7 Therapeutic Regimen
8.3.8 Treatment Management of TB Patients
8.3.9 TB Patients Management
8.3.9.1 Content of Management
8.3.9.2 Medical Staff Management
8.3.9.3 Family Member Management
8.3.9.4 Volunteer Management
8.3.9.5 Intelligent Tools Assist Management
8.4 Epidemiology of Drug Resistance Tuberculosis
8.4.1 Overview
8.4.2 Diagnosis
8.4.2.1 Phenotypic Testing on Drug Resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex
8.4.2.2 Genotypic Testing on Drug Resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex
8.4.3 Treatment [44] 8.4.3.1 The Composition of Longer MDR/RR-TB Regimens
8.4.3.2 The Standardized Shorter MDR/RR-TB Regimen
8.4.4 Management
8.4.4.1 Monitoring
8.4.4.2 Treatment Outcomes
8.4.4.3 Care and Support for Patients with MDR/RR-TB
8.4.4.4 Health Care Service and Funding Mechanisms of MDR/RR-TB
8.5 Epidemiology of Tuberculosis Comorbidity
8.5.1 HIV/TB Co-infection
8.5.1.1 Overview
8.5.1.2 The Relationship Between Tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS
8.5.1.3 HIV/TB Co-infection Clinical Features
8.5.1.4 The Prevalence of HIV/TB Co-infection
8.5.1.5 HIV/TB Co-infection Control Strategy
8.5.1.6 Problems and Challenges
8.5.2 Epidemiology of DM in PTB
8.5.2.1 Mutual Effect of PTB-DM
8.5.2.2 The Prevalence of PTB-DM
8.5.2.3 Risk Factors for PTB-DM
8.5.2.4 The Mechanism of PTB-DM
8.5.2.5 PTB-DM Treatment Outcome
8.5.2.6 Prevention and Control Strategy of PTB-DM
8.5.3 Rare Complications of Tuberculosis
8.6 Prevention and Control of Tuberculosis in Key Populations
8.6.1 Students
8.6.1.1 Characteristics of the Epidemic
8.6.1.2 Characteristics of Public Health Emergencies of TB in Schools
8.6.1.3 School Routine Preventive Control Measures
8.6.2 The Elderly
8.6.2.1 Preventing Transmission
8.6.2.2 Early Detection
8.6.2.3 Appropriate Treatment
8.6.2.4 Programmatic Management
8.6.3 The Migration
8.6.4 Prisoner
8.7 Conclusion and Future Trends
References
9: Recent Advances in Genetic Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer in Chinese Population
9.1 Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer
9.1.1 Temporal Trend
9.1.1.1 Temporal Trend of CRC Prevalence Worldwide
9.1.1.2 Temporal Trend of CRC Prevalence in China
9.1.2 Regional Distribution
9.1.2.1 Distribution of CRC Worldwide
9.1.2.2 Distribution of CRC in China
9.1.3 Population Distribution
9.1.3.1 Age
9.1.3.2 Gender
9.1.3.3 Race
9.2 Risk Factors of CRC
9.2.1 Modifiable Risk Factors
9.2.1.1 Overweight or Obesity
9.2.1.2 Physically Active and Sedentary Behavior
9.2.1.3 Dietary Patterns
9.2.1.4 Smoking
9.2.1.5 Alcohol Intake
9.2.1.6 Occupational Hazards
9.2.2 Non-modifiable Risk Factors
9.2.2.1 Hereditary Factors
9.2.2.2 Other Risk Factors
9.3 Strategy for Genetic Epidemiological Study in CRC
9.3.1 Association Analysis Based on Candidate Gene Approach
9.3.2 Genome-Wide Association Study
9.3.3 Post Genome-Wide Association Study
9.3.3.1 Using Computational Strategy
9.3.3.2 Fine-Mapping: Integrating Functional Annotation Data
9.3.3.3 Deep Sequencing and Exon Array Research
9.3.3.4 Experimental Post-GWAS
9.3.3.5 Gene–Gene and Gene–Environment Interaction Studies
9.3.3.6 Population Validation in a Prospective Cohort Study
9.4 The Potential Benefits and Challenges of Genetics Epidemiology for CRC
9.4.1 The Potential Benefits of Genetics Epidemiology for CRC
9.4.1.1 Polygenic Risk Score (PRS) in CRC Risk
9.4.1.2 Precision Medicine in CRC Treatment
9.4.1.3 Integrating Genetics into the Drug Development
9.4.2 Challenges in Post-GWAS Analysis for CRC
9.4.2.1 Genetic Association of Causal SNPs Could be Missed by Current GWAS
9.4.2.2 Target Genes of Regulatory SNPs Are Not Always the Nearest or Embedded Genes
9.4.2.3 Overlooking Tumor Microenvironment and Tissue Specificity
9.4.2.4 Consideration of Genetic, Epigenetic, and Environmental Factors
References
10: Research Progress in Infectious Agents of Malignant Tumors
10.1 Introduction
10.2 HPV Infection and Cervical Cancer, Anal Cancer, and Other Cancers
10.2.1 Introduction to the Biology of HPV
10.2.2 The Global and China Epidemic Trend of HPV and the Burden of Relevant Cancers
10.2.3 The Association Between HPV and the Risk of Cervical Cancer, Anal Cancer, and Other Tumors
10.2.4 Future Perspectives
10.3 HBV and HCV Infection and Liver Cancer
10.3.1 Introduction to the Biology of HBV and/or HCV
10.3.2 The Global and China Epidemic Trend of HBV and/or HCV and the Burden of Liver Cancer
10.3.3 The Association Between HBV and/or HCV and the Risk of Liver Cancer and Other Tumors
10.3.4 Preventive Effect of Hepatitis B Vaccine on Liver Cancer
10.3.5 Future Perspectives
10.4 Helicobacter pylori and Gastric Cancer
10.4.1 Introduction to the Biology of Helicobacter pylori
10.4.2 Trends in the Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori Infection in China and Worldwide
10.4.3 The Association Between Helicobacter pylori and the Risk of Gastric Cancer
10.4.4 Future Perspectives
10.5 Epstein-Barr Virus and Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Burkitt Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
10.5.1 Introduction to the Biology of Epstein-Barr Virus
10.5.1.1 Biological Characteristics of Epstein-Barr Virus
10.5.1.2 EBV Tumorigenic Mechanism
10.5.2 Epidemiological Characteristics of Epstein-Barr Virus in China and Worldwide
10.5.3 The Association Between Epstein-Barr Virus and Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Burkitt Lymphoma, and Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
10.5.3.1 The Association Between Epstein-Barr Virus and Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
10.5.3.2 The Association Between Epstein-Barr Virus and Burkitt Lymphoma
10.5.3.3 The Association Between Epstein-Barr Virus and Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
10.5.4 Future Perspectives
10.5.4.1 The Role of EBV Vaccine in the Prevention and Control of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Burkitt’s Lymphoma, and Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
10.5.4.2 The Role of EBV Detection in the Prevention and Control of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Burkitt Lymphoma, and Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
10.6 Human Herpes Virus Type 8 and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Kaposi’s Sarcoma and Other Related Tumors
10.6.1 Biology of Human Herpes Virus Type 8 and Human Immunodeficiency Virus
10.6.2 Prevalence of Human Herpes Virus Type 8 and Human Immunodeficiency Virus
10.6.3 Kaposi’s Sarcoma and Other Related Tumors
10.6.3.1 Kaposi’s Sarcoma
10.6.3.2 Other Tumors
10.6.4 Future Perspectives
10.7 Summary
References
11: Progress of Lung Cancer Genomic Epidemiology in China
11.1 Candidate Gene Study of Lung Cancer
11.2 Genome-Wide Association Study of Lung Cancer in China
11.2.1 Genome-Wide Association Study of Lung Cancer in the Chinese Population
11.2.2 Genome-Wide Association Study of Lung Cancer in Subgroup Population
11.2.2.1 Race
11.2.2.2 Smoking Status
11.2.2.3 Histopathological Type
11.2.3 Genome-Wide Association Study on the Prognosis of Lung Cancer
11.3 Post Genome-Wide Association Study in China
11.3.1 Genome-Wide Meta-Analysis of Lung Cancer
11.3.2 Pathway Analysis
11.3.3 Interactive Analysis
11.3.4 Fine Mapping and Deep Sequencing Study
11.3.5 Association Analysis Based on Exon Chip
11.3.6 Integration of GWAS with Other Omics
11.3.7 Polygenic Risk Score and Lung Cancer Risk Prediction
11.4 Research on Lung Cancer Genome Sequencing
11.4.1 Burden of Somatic Alterations in Chinese Lung Cancer Patients
11.4.2 Driver Genes in Chinese Lung Cancer Patients
11.5 Conclusion
References
12: Progress in Epidemiology of Child Road Traffic Injury
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 Definition
12.1.1.1 Children
12.1.1.2 Injury and Traffic Injury
12.1.2 Classification
12.2 Epidemiological Characteristics
12.2.1 Mortality
12.2.2 Years of Life Lost (YLLs)
12.2.3 Years Lived with Disability (YLDs)
12.2.4 Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs)
12.2.5 Economic Burden
12.2.6 Age Group
12.2.7 Region
12.2.8 Date and Time
12.2.9 Transportation Method
12.3 Influencing Factors of RTI
12.3.1 Host
12.3.1.1 Driver
12.3.1.2 Victim
12.3.1.3 Seat Belt
12.3.1.4 Child Safety Seat
12.3.1.5 Intoxicated Driving
12.3.1.6 Safety Helmet
12.3.1.7 Distracted Driving
12.3.2 Vehicle
12.3.3 Natural Environment
12.3.4 Socioeconomic Environment
12.3.4.1 Incidence of Traffic Crashes Among Children
12.3.4.2 Emergency Care
12.3.4.3 Trauma Treatment
12.4 Interventions
12.4.1 Theories of Injury Intervention
12.4.1.1 Haddon’s Ten Strategies
12.4.1.2 “5Es” Intervention Theory
12.4.1.3 Active and Passive Intervention Strategies
12.4.2 Interventions
12.4.2.1 Legislation
12.4.2.1.1 Speed Limits
12.4.2.1.2 Restricting Drink-Driving
12.4.2.1.3 Wearing Safety Helmets
12.4.2.1.4 Using Seat Belts
12.4.2.1.5 Using of Child Restraints
12.4.2.2 Increasing the Visibility of Children Pedestrians
12.4.2.3 Choosing Suitable Car Seats for Children
12.4.2.4 School Safety Education
12.4.2.5 Graduated Driver Licensing
12.4.2.6 Using Airbags with Caution
12.4.2.7 Improving Train for Young Drivers
12.4.2.8 Avoiding Distracted Driving
12.5 Conclusion
References
13: Research Progress of Fracture Epidemiology
13.1 Definition and Classification of Fractures
13.1.1 Definitions
13.1.2 Cause
13.1.3 Classification
13.1.3.1 Traditional Classification Methods
13.1.3.2 Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen and the Association of Study of Internal Fixation (AO/ASIF) Classification
13.2 Epidemiological Characteristics of Fractures
13.2.1 Population Disposition
13.2.1.1 Age Distribution
13.2.1.2 Gender Distribution
13.2.2 Regional Distribution
13.2.2.1 Urban-Rural Distribution
13.2.2.2 Geographic Distribution
13.2.3 Epidemiological Characteristics of Fractures in Different Countries
13.3 Influencing Factors of Fracture
13.3.1 Influencing Factors of Fracture Occurrence
13.3.1.1 Bone Density
13.3.1.2 Bad Habits
13.3.1.3 Climate
13.3.1.4 Other Influencing Factors
13.3.2 Factors Influencing Fracture Healing
13.4 Epidemiological Study of Fracture in China
13.5 Prevention and Treatment Strategies of Fractures
13.5.1 Prevention of Fractures
13.5.2 Treatment of Fractures
13.5.2.1 Emergency Treatment of Fracture
13.5.2.2 Treatment Principles of Fracture
13.5.2.3 Management of Open Fractures
13.5.2.4 Treatment of Open Joint Injury
13.5.3 Prevention and Treatment Strategy of Senile Fracture
References
14: Extreme Weather and Mortality and Cardiovascular Diseases
14.1 Overview of Global Climate Change
14.1.1 Historical Record of Climate Change
14.1.2 The Main Factors of Global Warming
14.1.3 The Main Hazards of Climate Warming
14.2 Extreme Weather and Total Mortality or Cardiovascular Mortality
14.2.1 Heat Waves and Total Mortality or Cardiovascular Mortality
14.2.2 Cold Spell and Total Mortality or Cardiovascular Mortality
14.3 Extreme Weather or Meteorological Factor and Myocardial Infarction
14.4 Summary
References
15: Twin Research in China and Worldwide
15.1 Brief History of Twin Research
15.2 The Value of Twin Studies
15.3 Twin Registries in the World
15.4 Advances in Twin Research
15.4.1 Heritability Estimation of Single Trait
15.4.2 Genetic Correlation Among Multiple Phenotypes
15.4.3 Heritability Modification
15.4.4 Multi-omics Study
15.4.4.1 Epigenome Study-DNA Methylation
15.4.4.1.1 Introduction of DNA Methylation
15.4.4.1.2 Advantages of Discordant Twin Design in Epigenome Studies
15.4.4.1.3 Research Progress of DNA Methylation in CNTR
15.4.4.1.4 DNA Methylation Age and Its Related Progress
15.4.4.2 Metabolomics Study
15.5 Future of the Twin Research in China
References
16: Development of Active Surveillance System for Drug Safety in China
16.1 Passive Surveillance and Active Surveillance
16.2 Development of Active Surveillance in China
16.2.1 Available Data Sources for Active Surveillance
16.2.2 Specific System for Active Surveillance
16.2.3 Feasibility Studies
16.3 Some Practices of Active Surveillance
16.3.1 Signal Generation
16.3.1.1 Prescription Sequence Symmetry Analysis (PSSA)
16.3.1.2 Tree-Based Scan Statistic (TBSS)
16.3.2 Signal Evaluation
16.3.3 Confounding Control
16.4 Discussion
16.4.1 Enrolling Data Sources
16.4.2 Developing Methods and Tools
16.4.3 Encouraging Stakeholders
References
17: Research Advances in Epidemiology of Autoimmune Diseases in China
17.1 An Overview of Autoimmune Diseases
17.1.1 A Brief Introduction of Autoimmune Diseases
17.1.2 The History of Autoimmunity
17.2 Epidemiological Characteristics of Autoimmune Diseases in China
17.2.1 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
17.2.2 Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
17.2.3 Type 1 Diabetes (T1D)
17.2.4 Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
17.3 Risk Factors for Autoimmune Diseases
17.3.1 Genetic Factors of Autoimmune Diseases
17.3.1.1 Familial Aggregation and Twin Studies
17.3.1.2 Linkage Analysis
17.3.1.3 Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS)
17.3.1.4 Rare Variants as the Heritability of Autoimmune Diseases
17.3.1.5 Epigenetics in Autoimmune Diseases
17.3.2 Environmental Factors of Autoimmune Diseases
17.3.2.1 Cigarette Smoking
17.3.2.2 Infectious Processes
17.3.2.3 Silica and Silicate
17.3.2.4 Air Pollution
17.3.2.5 Other Environmental Factors
17.4 Summary and Perspectives
References
18: Advance in Large-Scale Prospective Cohort Studies of Chinese Adults
18.1 Significance of Large-Scale Cohort Studies and Research Progress Abroad
18.1.1 Scientific Value and Public Health Significance of Large-Scale Cohort Studies
18.1.2 Current Status and Future Perspectives of Adult Cohort Studies in Western Countries
18.2 History, Current Status, and Challenges of Adult Cohort Studies in China
18.3 China Kadoorie Biobank
18.3.1 Recruitment of Participants and Baseline Survey
18.3.1.1 Field Investigations and Study Participants
18.3.1.2 Baseline Survey
18.3.2 Follow-Up
18.3.2.1 Resurveys
18.3.2.2 Follow-Up for Disease Outcomes
18.3.2.3 Outcome Validation and Adjudication
18.3.3 Biological Sample Bank
18.4 Research Output of the China Kadoorie Biobank
18.4.1 Hemorrhagic Stroke
18.4.1.1 Fruits
18.4.1.2 Alcohol Drinking
18.4.1.3 Adiposity
18.4.1.4 Blood Lipids
18.4.1.5 Lifestyles
18.4.1.6 Prognosis
18.4.2 Household Air Pollutions
18.4.2.1 Cardiovascular Diseases
18.4.2.2 Respiratory Diseases
18.4.2.3 Other Chronic Diseases
References
19: Some Random Reflections on Evidence-Based Medicine, Precision Medicine, and Big Data Research
19.1 Reasons and Emotions in EBM
19.2 Precision Medicine Cannot Reply Only on New Technologies
19.3 Big Data: Statistical Precision Versus Scientific Credibility
19.4 Conclusions
References
20: Research Progress in Biomedical Big Data
20.1 Introduction
20.1.1 Definition and Characteristics of Big Data
20.1.2 Development Status of Big Data in China and Abroad
20.2 Sources and Application of Biomedical Big Data
20.2.1 Major Sources of Biomedical Big Data
20.2.2 Application of Biomedical Big Data
20.3 Biomedical Big Data Initiatives and Actions
20.3.1 Big Data Research and Development Initiative
20.3.2 Data to Knowledge to Action
20.3.3 Global Pulse
20.3.4 National Population Health Data Sharing Platform
20.3.5 Big Data-Driven Management and Decision-Making Research
20.3.6 National Pilot Program for Healthcare Big Data Centers and Industrial Parks
20.3.7 Yichang Big Data Platform for Health Management
20.3.8 Regional Health Big Data Platform in Yinzhou District
20.4 Major Problems and Trends of Biomedical Big Data
20.4.1 Advantages and Flaws of Biomedical Big Data
20.4.2 Main Problems Faced by Biomedical Big Data
20.4.3 Trends of Biomedical Big Data
References
21: Cultural Epidemiology in China
21.1 Introduction
21.2 The Intersection of Anthropology and Epidemiology Is an Interdisciplinary Collaboration in Health and Disease Research
21.3 Cultural Epidemiology
21.3.1 An Important Case of the Integrated Application of Anthropology and Epidemiology in Foreign History
21.4 The Integration of Culture and Epidemiology in Disease Prevention and Control in China
21.4.1 Patriotic Health Campaign
21.4.2 The Healthy China Strategy
21.5 Conclusion
References
22: Progress and Perspective of Transmission Dynamics Models in Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases
22.1 Preface
22.2 Development of Transmission Dynamics Model
22.3 Transmission Dynamics Modeling in the Respiratory Infectious Disease
22.3.1 Model Instances Fitting the Current Respiratory Infectious Disease Dynamics in China
22.3.1.1 SEIR Model with Extended Compartments
22.3.1.2 SEIR Model with Specific Parameters
22.3.1.3 Mathematical Model with Stratified Populations
22.3.2 Objectives of Transmission Dynamics Models
22.3.2.1 Epidemiological Parameters Estimation
22.3.2.2 Dynamic Trend Prediction
22.3.2.3 Effectiveness Evaluation for Prevention and Control Measures
22.3.2.4 Exploration of Dynamic Uncertainty
22.4 Values of Transmission Dynamics Models
22.5 Challenges of Transmission Dynamics Models
References
23: Propensity Score and Mendelian Randomization for Control of Confounding
23.1 Introduction to Propensity Score and Mendelian Randomization Methods
23.1.1 Propensity Score
23.1.2 Mendelian Randomization
23.2 Progress in Propensity Score and Mendelian Randomization Methodology and Application in China
23.2.1 Progress Regarding Propensity Score
23.2.2 Progress in Mendelian Randomization
23.3 Issues to Be Considered in the Propensity Score and Mendelian Randomization
23.3.1 Issues Regarding Propensity Score
23.3.2 Issues Regarding Mendelian Randomization
References
24: Progress of Air Pollution Epidemiology Research in China
24.1 Air Pollution
24.2 Progress in Air Pollution Epidemiologic Study Methods
24.2.1 Principals of Exposure Assessment
24.2.1.1 Assessments of Air Pollution Exposure
24.2.1.2 Determinants of Air Pollution Exposure
24.2.2 Uncertainty and Variability in Assessment
24.3 Progress in Effect Estimates of Air Pollution
24.3.1 Short-Term Effects
24.3.1.1 Mortality Risk
24.3.1.2 Hospitalization
24.3.1.3 Surrogate Outcomes
24.3.1.3.1 Pulmonary Pathophysiological Response
24.3.1.3.2 Cardiometabolic Function
24.3.1.3.3 Epigenetic Changes
24.3.2 Long-Term Effects
24.4 Summary and Perspectives
References