Hepatitis C Virus-Host Interactions and Therapeutics

Description:

The burden of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection on the public health care system continues to remain significant despite the remarkable progress made in HCV therapeutics in the recent past. There are now almost a dozen oral interferon-free direct-acting antivirals available for the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection. Despite advances in the treatment of HCV, therapeutic gaps remain that are yet to be fully explored. Researchers and scientists still strive to understand virus-host interactions to map the disease’s progression along with extrahepatic manifestations and virus invasion strategies impacting the host’s immune system. This book briefly discusses the biology of HCV infection, virus-host interactions, molecular epidemiology of the infection, and the full spectrum of immune responses to hepatitis C. It also provides in-depth information about HCV, clinical diagnostics, and therapeutic knowledge to all stakeholders involved in HCV screening, diagnosis, treatment, and management.

Topics covered in the chapters include 1) HCV-host interactions leading to asymptomatic acute infection, 2) the progression of acute HCV infection to chronic disease and subsequent extrahepatic comorbidities, 3) Innate and adaptive immune responses in HCV infections, 4) Consensus-based Approaches for Hepatitis C Screening and Diagnosis, 5) advances in hepatitis C therapy and global management of HCV, and 6) the outcomes of Oral Interferon-free Direct-acting Antivirals as Combination Therapies to Cure Hepatitis C.

This book is a valuable addition to undergraduate and postgraduate hepatology students and physicians, clinicians, hepatologists, and health care officials involved in HCV clinical diagnosis and therapeutics.

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Table of contents :
Cover
Title
Copyright
End User License Agreement
Contents
Foreword
Preface
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Dedication
HCV-Host Interactions: A Plethora of Genes and their Intricate Interplay Part 1: Virus Specific Factors
INTRODUCTION
Hepatitis C Virus Taxonomy
HCV: Route of Transmission
HCV Genome Organization
HCV MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
HCV MOLECULAR VIROLOGY
HEPATITIS C PROTEINS IN MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS OF INFECTION
5’ Untranslated Region (5’ UTR)
HCV Antigen (Core;C) Protein
HCV Core Protein Morphology
HCV Core Protein and Hepatic Steatosis
HCV Core Protein and Hepatocarcinogenesis
HCV Core Protein and Insulin Resistance (IR)
HCV Envelope Glycoproteins (E1 and E2)
HCV E1 and E2 Morphology
HVR1 of E2 Glycoprotein Modulates the Immune System
HCV NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEINS AND THEIR ROLE IN HEPATITIS C PATHOGENESIS
NS2 Metalloprotease
NS3/4A Serine Protease/Helicase
NS4B
NS5A: An Interferon Resistance Protein
NS5B: RNA Dependent RNA Polymerase (RdRp)
3’ UTR
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
HCV-Host Interactions: Interplay Part 2: Host Related Determinants and Intracellular Signaling
INTRODUCTION
CERTAIN HOST SPECIFIC FACTORS ARE VITAL FOR HCV REPLICATION
PPP2R5D (Protein Phosphatase 2 Regulatory Subunit B’Delta) Protein
Micro RNAs (miRNA)
miR-122: A Key Regulator of HCV Replication in Hepatocytes
miR-135a Drives Chronic Hepatitis C Infection to HCC
Cytokines Gene Polymorphisms in Chronic Hepatitis C Patients
The Importance of Cytokines against Viral Infections
Cytokine Gene Polymorphism for IL-10
Cytokine Gene Polymorphism for IL-13
Gene Polymorphisms of Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α)
Role of Cytokine Storm in HBV Reactivation in HBV/HCV Coinfections
Genetic Polymorphism in Host Genetic Factors of HIV-1/HCV Coinfected Patients Progress Toward Advanced Hepatic Fibrosis
Genetic Polymorphisms of Interferon Lambda (IFNL 3/4) Genes in HCV Patients and its Clinical Significance
DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION OF HOST CELLS LIPID METABOLISM REGULATORS IMPACT HEPATITIS C INFECTION PROGRESSION
ANGPTL-3 and -4: Potent Regulators of Lipid Metabolism in Hepatocytes
ANGPTLs Linked to HCV Induced Hepatic Fibrosis and Tumorigenesis
ANGPTL Expression in Various Stages of Hepatic Fibrosis
ANGPTL-3/4 Interacts With TGF-β to Promote Hepatic Fibrosis and Cirrhosis
VITAMIN D AND HCV INDUCED HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA
INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING MODULATION IN HEPATITIS C INFECTION
TLR Activation and their Implications in HCV Molecular Pathogenesis
TNF/TNF Receptor Activation in CHC Patients
FAS/FASL Activation in CHC Patients
NF-ƙB Cell Signaling and HCV Progression
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
Immune Responses and Immunopathology of Acute and Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection
INTRODUCTION
THE TYPICAL TIMELINE OF HEPATITIS C VIRUS INFECTION
INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSES AGAINST HEPATITIS C
Activation of Innate Immune Responses and their Implications Against HCV Replication
In Vitro Innate Immune Responses Against Hepatitis C
In Vivo Activation of Innate Immune Responses Against Hepatitis C
Antibodies Against HCV Infection
IFN Responses in CHC Infection
How HCV Evades Innate Immune Responses
Adaptive Immune Responses in Hepatitis C Infection
Activation of T-helper and T-cytotoxic Immune Cells
Immunopathology of HCV Infection and T-cell Immune Responses
THE ROLE OF VIRAL PROTEINS IN HCV IMMUNOPATHOLOGY
T-cell Exhaustion

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