Gut Microbiota in Aging and Chronic Diseases

Description:

This edited volume studies gut microbiota peculiarities in elderly, in senescence-related  and environmental-related alterations of gut microbiota in chronic diseases.
Aging, as a physiological process mediated through several regulatory pathways and transcription factors, is generally speaking associated to a relentless functional decline and increasing risk of chronic diseases. Growing data on gut microbiota quali-quantitative changes in aging gut, and the opportunity to study by advanced NGS and metabolomic technologies, now offers novel horizons to link such changes to disease risks and to theoretically the weapons for gut microbiota intervention as an effective therapeutic tool.

Chapters are divided into clear sections, starting with the aging perspective, then moving from chronic diseases to neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. The final parts focusses on interventions. Contributors are well-reputed and dedicated scientists in clinics and experimental medicine from 4 different continents who have provided their contribution keeping the polar star on aging as a guide while investigating their gut microbiota in occurrence and progression of disease together with proposed preventing, monitoring and therapeutic interventions.

In the wide offer of books on gut microbiota,  this age-thematic volume will be a valuable source of updated information for a wide group of readership including gerontologists, geriatricians, medical specialists of several fields, PhDs, basic scientists and public/private research entities focused on potential intervention in and through  gut ecosystem.

This book will stimulate a large number of basic scientists and clinicians to review their once organ (or cellular line)-specific knowledge and widen either their pathophysiological mechanisms understanding while providing novel ways to prevent, monitor and treat diseases from eyes to bones.

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Preface
Contents
Part I The Gut Microbiota in Ageing
1 The Gut Microbiota and Its Metabolites Contribute to Ageing and Ageing-Related Diseases
Abstract
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Roles of Intestinal Barrier Integrity and the Gut Microbiota in Ageing
1.3 Roles of Short Chain Fatty Acids in Ageing
1.4 Roles of Tryptophan Metabolites in Ageing
1.5 Roles of Bile Acids in Ageing
1.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Competing Interests
References
2 Ageing and Human Gut Microbiome: The Taxonomic and Functional Transition Towards an Elderly-Type Microbiome
Abstract
2.1 The Human Gut Microbiome
2.2 The Transition from an Adult-Type Gut Microbiome to an Elderly-Type Gut Microbiome
2.3 A Functional Perspective: Age-Associated Changes in Saccharolytic and Proteolytic Potential and an Increased Propensity for Xenobiotics Degradation
2.4 Age-Related Changes in the Human Gut Resistome
2.5 Christensenella-Enriched Elderly-Type Microbiome is Related to Different Quantities of Visceral Adipose Tissue and a Healthier Metabolic Profile
2.6 Conclusions
References
3 Ageing of the Gut Microbiome and Its Potential Contribution Towards Immunesenescence and Inflammaging
Abstract
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Age-Associated Compositional and Functional Changes in the Microbiome
3.3 Ageing and Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction
3.4 Ageing and the Immune System and Inflammaging
3.5 Intestinal Microbiome: Shaping Mucosal and Systemic Immune Responses in Homeostasis
3.6 Ageing Microbiome: A Potential Driver of Immunesenescence and Inflammaging
3.7 Taking Action: Microbiome-Based Interventions to Combat Immune Ageing
3.8 Conclusion Remarks
References
4 Gut Microbiome and Virome: Anti-Aging Interventions
Abstract
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Gut Microbiome, Virome and Aging
4.3 Gut Microbial Metabolism and Aging
4.4 Host Aging-Microbial Connection
4.5 Anti-Aging Effects of Gut Microbiome
4.6 Microbial Alleviation of Oxidative Stress
4.7 Gut Detoxification of Genotoxicants
4.8 Age-Related Cognitive Diseases
4.9 Viruses as Indispensable Components of Human Microbiome and Health
4.10 Gut Virome Vis-À-Vis Health and Aging
4.11 Outlook and Challenges
References
5 Bile Microbiota Profile in Aging and Age-Related Disease
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Gallbladder and Disease
5.3 Microbiome Venues
5.4 Bile Microbiome
5.5 Bile Microbiome in Aging and Cancer
Acknowledgements
References
6 Gut Microbiota and Eating Disorders on the Extremes of Aging
Abstract
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Eating Disorders as a Growing Public Health Concern
6.3 Microbiota and Its Metabolites
6.3.1 Short-Chain Fatty Acids
6.3.2 Bile Acids
6.3.3 Other Gut-Derived Metabolites
6.4 Microbiota at the Extremes of Aging
6.5 Microbiota Metabolites at the Extremes of Aging
6.6 Microbiota and Metabolite Changes in Eating Disorders
6.7 Gut-Brain Axis: How Changes in the Gut Microbiota and Its Metabolites Affect the Brain
6.8 How the Gut-Brain Axis Communication Affects Eating Disorders
6.9 Translational Perspectives
6.10 Conclusions
References
Part II Chronic Diseases and Gut Microbiota
7 Diabetes Mellitus and Microbiota: Knowledge and Perspectives
Abstract
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Metabolic Role of Gut Microbiota
7.3 Gut Microbiota and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Possible Pathophysiological Link
7.4 Gut Microbiota and Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
7.5 Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Microbiota
7.6 Complications of Diabetes and Gut Microbiota
7.7 Interaction Between Treatment of Diabetes and Gut Microbiota
7.8 Therapeutic Role of Gut Microbiota in Diabetes Mellitus
7.9 Aging: The Interplay with Diabetes and Microbiota
7.10 Conclusions
References
8 Aging Gut Microbiota and Chronic Kidney Disease
Abstract
8.1 Overview of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
8.2 Gut Microbiota
8.3 Factors Altering the Composition of Gut Microbiota
8.4 Role of Gut Microbiota in Human Health
8.5 Chronic Kidney Disease Affecting Gut Microbiome
8.6 Dysbiosis-Induced Inflammation Predisposing to CKD
8.7 Immunological Changes in Gut Dysbiosis and CKD
8.8 Aging and Gut Microbiome
8.9 Modulation of Gut Microbiota as a Therapeutic Approach in CKD
8.10 Summary
Authors’ Contributions
Consent for Publication
Competing Interests
References
9 Gut Microbiota in Elderly Onset Rheumatoid Arthritis
Abstract
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Genetics
9.3 Microbiome
9.4 Mycobiome
9.5 Immunome
9.6 Inflammatory Cytokine
9.7 Solution
References
10 Combating the Sustained Inflammation Involved in Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases with Probiotics
Abstract
10.1 The Microbiome
10.2 Gut-Brain Axis
10.3 Inflamm-Aging
10.4 Neurodegenerative Diseases
10.4.1 Dementia
10.4.2 Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)
10.4.3 Parkinson’s Disease (PD)
10.4.4 Huntington’s Disease
10.5 Probiotics to Combat Inflammation and Neurodegeneration
10.6 Conclusion or Translational Perspectives
References
11 Lung and Gut Microbiota Interactions with Air Pollution and Aging in Human Chronic Diseases
Abstract
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Gut and Lung Microbiota
11.3 Microbiota in Aging and Aging-Associated Diseases
11.3.1 Microbiome in Aging
11.3.2 Lung Microbiota in Aging-Associated Disorders
11.3.3 Gut Microbiota in Respiratory Diseases
11.3.4 Gut–Lung Axis
11.4 Microbiota in Air Pollution-Associated Chronic Diseases
11.4.1 Air Pollution: A Cause of Non-communicable Diseases in Elderly Population
11.4.2 Air Pollution Enhances Age-Related Disease Susceptibility Via Microbial Dysbiosis
11.4.2.1 Air Pollution-Induced Gut Dysbiosis
11.4.2.2 Air Pollution-Induced Lung Dysbiosis
11.5 Conclusions and Future Directions
Acknowledgements
References
12 Aging Gut Microbiota and Sarcopenia Signaling
Abstract
12.1 Introduction to Gut Microbiota
12.2 Endocrine System in Gut Microbiota
12.3 Aging and Gut Microbiota
12.3.1 Role of Aging in Gut Microbiota
12.3.2 Age-Related Alteration in Human Gut Microbiota
12.4 Relationship Between Skeletal Muscle and Microbiome
12.5 Potential Role of Gut Microbiota in Gut-Muscle Axis
12.6 Gut Microbiota—A Novel Player in Sarcopenia
12.7 Gut-Related Mechanisms Leading to Sarcopenia
12.8 Conclusion
References
Part III Gut Microbiota in Neurodegernative Diseases and Cancer
13 Gut Microbiota Changes and Parkinson’s Disease: What Do We Know, Which Avenues Ahead
Abstract
13.1 Parkinson’s Disease Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Gastrointestinal Abnormalities
13.2 Evidence that Parkinson’s Disease Progresses from the Intestinal Tract
13.3 The Relationship Between Small Intestinal Bacteria and Parkinson’s Disease
13.3.1 Helicobacter Pylori Infection
13.3.2 Small Intestinal Bacterial Growth Syndrome
13.3.3 The Relationship Between Colon Bacteria and Parkinson’s Disease
13.4 Intestinal Microbiota in PD
13.5 Effect of Gut Bacterial Metabolites on Parkinson’s Disease
13.6 Conclusion
References
14 Gut Microbiota, Alzheimer and Psychiatric Diseases: Unveiling the Relationships and Treatment Options
Abstract
14.1 Gut Microbiota and Neurological Diseases
14.1.1 Alzheimer’s Disease
14.1.2 Dementia
14.2 Gut Microbiota and Psychiatric Diseases
14.2.1 Depression
14.2.2 Generalized Anxiety Disorder
14.2.3 Schizophrenia
14.3 Role of Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis
14.3.1 Neuroanatomical Pathways
14.3.2 Neuroendocrine Pathways
14.3.3 Inflammatory Pathways
14.3.4 Metabolic Pathways
14.3.5 Barrier System
14.4 Potential Therapeutic Approaches
14.4.1 Probiotics
14.4.2 Dietary Intervention
14.4.3 Fecal Microbiota Transplantation
14.4.4 Small Molecule Regulators
14.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
15 “Aging Gut Microbiota and Colorectal Cancer Pathways Correlations”
Abstract
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Features of Gut Microbiota
15.3 Changes in Microbiota During Growth and in the Elderly
15.4 Age, Gut Microbiota, and CRC
15.5 Diet, Gut Microbiota, Xenobiotics, and CRC
15.6 Conclusion
References
Part IV Interventions on Gut Microbiota
16 Gerobiotics: Probiotics for Healthy Aging
Abstract
16.1 Introduction
16.2 The Gut Microbiome as a Hallmark of Aging
16.3 Gerobiotics: A New Term for a Novel Concept
16.3.1 Rapid Growth in the Field of Geroscience
16.3.2 A Reassessed Marketing Strategy for Gerobiotics
16.4 Biomarkers for Identifying and Evaluating Gerobiotic Candidates
16.5 Development of Potential Gerobiotic Strains
16.6 Selected Probiotics as Potential Gerobiotics
16.7 Conclusion
References
17 Screening Potential Probiotics Against Obesity and Metabolism Abnormalities in the Elderly
Abstract
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Age Altered Respects of the Intestinal Microbiota
17.3 Screening Potential Probiotics Against Obesity and Metabolism of the Elderly with Immune and Fat Cell Lines
17.4 Screnting Potential Probiotics Against Obesity and Metabolism of Elderly with Fecal Culture
17.5 Conclusion
References
18 Microbiome and Probiotics for Ischemic Stroke
Abstract
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Microbiome and Ischemic Stroke
18.3 Key Findings for Clinical-Based and Animal-Based Studies
18.4 Probiotics for Ischemic Stroke
18.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
Conflict of Interest Statement
References
19 Physical Exercise and Gut Microbiota in the Aging Process: From Osteoporosis to Preventive Bone Health Strategy
Abstract
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Aging and Bone Health
19.3 Physical Activity and Bone Health
19.4 Physical Activity and Gut Microbiota
19.5 Gut Microbiota and Bone Health
19.5.1 Intestinal barrier and nutrition
19.6 Summary
References
20 Gut Microbiota Peculiarities in Aged HIV-Infected Individuals: Molecular Understanding and Therapeutic Perspectives
Abstract
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Impact of Aging on the Dynamics of Gut Microbiota
20.3 HIV Infection and Gut Microbiota
20.4 Do Age-Associated Comorbidities Impact the Dynamics of Microbiota Among People Living with HIV?
20.5 HIV Infection, Gut Microbiota, and the Elderly Brain
20.6 Aging: Gut Microbiota Interactions in COVID-19 and HIV/AIDS—Generic Extrapolation or Tip of the Iceberg?
20.7 Aging, HIV and Gut Microbiota: Therapeutic Implications
20.8 Concluding Remarks
References
Index