Radiology of Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases

Description:

This book provides a comprehensive overview of diagnostic imaging in infectious and inflammatory diseases in central nervous system and spine. It starts with basic theory of infectious diseases, including pathological basis, laboratory diagnostic methods, and clinical imaging techniques. In following chapters, the authors firstly introduce the central nervous system infections related to respiratory, gastrointestinal, and contagious diseases. Then viral, bacterial, fungal, parasitic and special infections in central nervous system and spine are presented with clinical cases. Each disease is clearly illustrated using cases combined with high-quality CT and MRI. The book provides a valuable reference source for radiologists and doctors working in the area of infectious and inflammatory diseases.

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Preface

With the rapid development of modern society and economy, people’s lifestyles and population mobility have changed, and the impact of infectious and inflammatory diseases on human survival and socio-economic development has become increasingly significant. The National Health Commission has issued a document emphasizing the need to establish infectious disease departments and infection control offices in hospitals above the second level nationwide, placing unprecedented emphasis on the danger of infectious diseases to human health. In the past 30 years, the development of medical imaging diagnosis and treatment technology has greatly contributed to the change of modern diagnosis and treatment mode. The high reliance of modern medicine on medical imaging technology has given the medical imaging profession an important mission in the field of diagnosis and differential diagnosis of infectious and inflammatory diseases.

In the course of long-term clinical practice and scientific research, my team and I realized that it had seriously affected the quality of patient care and outcomes, caused the misuse of clinical antibiotics, affected patient health and quality of life, and increased the economic burden on families and society because of the neglect and lack of research on the construction of a key disciplinary system, systematic theoretical system, and standardized guidelines for infection and inflammation diseases. Based on the above considerations, this book brings together the Infectious Diseases Group of the Radiology Branch of the Chinese Medical Association, the Infection Imaging Committee of the Radiologists Branch of the Chinese Medical Association, the Infection and Inflammation Radiology Committee of the Chinese Society of Research Hospitals, the Infection (Infectious Diseases) Imaging Working Committee of the Chinese Association for STD and AIDS Prevention and Control, the Infectious Diseases Imaging Group of the Infectious Diseases Hospital Branch of the Chinese Hospital Association, and the Beijing Technological Innovation Alliance for Imaging and Treatment. The book summarizes the imaging features and evolution of infectious and inflammatory diseases, reveals the pathological basis of infectious and inflammatory diseases, and presents the key points of imaging diagnosis and differential diagnosis of infectious and inflammatory diseases. I believe that the publication of this set of books will promote the prevention and control of infection and inflammatory diseases, rational drug use and academic development of radiological imaging diagnosis in China, and effectively serve the precise clinical treatment.

This set of books provides the first systematic theoretical treatment of the subject of infection and inflammatory radiology. There are a total of six volumes, including a cranial spinal cord volume, a head and neck volume, a cardiothoracic volume, an abdominopelvic volume, a skeletal muscle volume, and a pediatric volume. The content covers the four major groups of pathogenic (bacterial, fungal, viral, parasitic) infections associated with infectious diseases and inflammatory diseases such as autoimmune diseases.

This series of books features three main advantages: (1) close to the clinical setting, with a complete range of diseases, covering common, frequent, and rare clinical infections and inflammatory diseases; (2) the information is comprehensive, which emphasizes the objective basis of diagnosis, especially the completeness, representativeness, continuity, and authenticity of cases and images; (3) most of the information comes from the editor’s clinical experience and accumulation, and several parts of the information are authorized by international colleagues, and the overall absorption and citation of the latest research results at home and abroad, as well as the layout and content of the books are innovative in nature.

For the successful publication of this set of books, we set up an advisory committee and an expert committee, with scientific design and systematic demonstration, and it took more than 1 year to design the outline and revise the manuscript. In addition to the Chinese version, Springer Publishing Group will publish the English version. The editorial committee attached great importance to the book and organized several training sessions for the editorial board members on writing standardization, explained the process of professional review and finalization, and assigned specialized personnel to organize review, revision, and supplementation. As the editor-in-chief of this book, I would like to express my sincere gratefulness for this. At the same time, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the members of the national infectious disease imaging team who participated in the preparation of this book for their efforts.

In the face of the current critical situation in the prevention and treatment of infectious and inflammatory diseases, the publication of this monograph will serve as another powerful weapon in the war against infectious and inflammatory diseases, and will play an important role in improving the level of diagnosis and treatment of physicians, improving the quality of life of patients, and prolonging their lives.

The process of scientific development is also a process of gradual improvement of people’s understanding, and deviations are inevitable, so I would appreciate your kind advice and look forward to its improvement!

Beijing, China Hongjun Li

Table of contents :
Preface
Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Part I: General Introduction to Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases of the Central Nervous System
1: Introduction to Imaging Methods
1.1 X-Ray Imaging Techniques
1.1.1 X-Ray Imaging Principle
1.1.2 X-Ray Imaging Method
1.1.3 X-Ray Imaging Methods Commonly Used in the Brain and Spinal Cord
1.2 CT Imaging Techniques
1.2.1 CT Imaging Principle
1.2.2 CT Imaging Post-processing Techniques
1.2.3 CT Imaging Methods Commonly Used in the Brain and Spinal Cord
1.3 MRI Imaging Techniques
1.3.1 Basic Principles and Image Characteristics of MR
1.3.2 Commonly Used MR Examinations for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases of the Brain and Spinal Cord
1.4 DSA Imaging Technique
1.4.1 Principle of DSA Imaging
1.4.2 DSA Imaging Methods Commonly Used for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases of the Brain and Spinal Cord
1.5 Radionuclide Imaging Techniques
1.5.1 Principles of Positron Emission Computed Tomography
1.5.2 Positron Emission Computed Tomography Methods Commonly Used in Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases of the Brain and Spinal Cord
References
2: Functional and Molecular Imaging Techniques
2.1 Functional Imaging
2.1.1 CT Functional Imaging
2.1.2 MR Functional Imaging
2.1.3 PET Cerebral Perfusion Imaging
2.2 Molecular Imaging
2.2.1 Overview
2.2.2 Molecular Magnetic Resonance Imaging (mMRI) Techniques
2.2.3 Optical Molecular Imaging Techniques
2.2.4 Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI)
2.2.5 Nuclear Medicine Molecular Imaging Techniques
2.2.6 Ultrasound Molecular Imaging Techniques
References
3: Application of Imaging Techniques in Craniospinal Infection and Inflammatory Diseases
3.1 Bacterial Infection
3.1.1 Significance of Imaging in Bacterial Infections of the Brain and Spinal Cord
3.1.2 Conventional Imaging Techniques in Craniospinal Bacterial Infections
3.1.3 Application of New Imaging Techniques in Craniospinal Bacterial Infections
3.1.4 Comparison of the Diagnostic Value of Imaging Techniques
3.2 Viral Infection
3.2.1 Significance of Imaging in Viral Infections of the Brain and Spinal Cord
3.2.2 Conventional Imaging Techniques in Craniospinal Viral Infections
3.2.3 Application of New Imaging Techniques in Craniospinal Viral Infections
3.2.4 Comparison of the Diagnostic Value of Imaging Techniques
3.3 Fungal Infection
3.3.1 Significance of Imaging in Fungal Infections of the Brain and Spinal Cord
3.3.2 Conventional Imaging Techniques in Craniospinal Fungal Infections
3.3.3 Application of New Imaging Techniques in Craniospinal Fungal Infections
3.3.4 Comparison of the Diagnostic Value of Imaging Techniques
3.4 Parasitic Infections
3.4.1 Significance of Imaging in Parasitic Infections of the Brain and Spinal Cord
3.4.2 Conventional Imaging Techniques in Craniospinal Parasitic Infections
3.4.3 Application of New Imaging Techniques in Craniospinal Parasitic Infections
3.4.4 Comparison of the Diagnostic Value of Imaging Techniques
References
4: Application of Imaging Techniques in Craniospinal Autoimmune Diseases
4.1 Overview
4.2 Conventional Imaging Manifestations of Autoimmune Diseases of the Brain and Spinal Cord
4.3 New Imaging Techniques in Craniospinal Autoimmune Diseases
4.4 Application of Other Imaging Techniques in Craniospinal Autoimmune Diseases
References
5: Laboratory Diagnostic Techniques and Methods for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases of the Central Nervous System
5.1 Diagnosis of Pathogens
5.1.1 Overview
5.1.2 CSF Smear
5.1.3 CSF Cell Count and Biochemical Tests
5.1.4 Culture of CSF Pathogens
5.1.5 Brain Tissue Biopsy
5.2 Immunological Diagnosis
5.2.1 Overview
5.2.2 Rapid Antigen Detection
5.2.3 Antibody Testing
5.2.4 γ-Interferon Release Test
5.3 Genetic Diagnosis
5.3.1 Overview
5.3.2 Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques
5.3.2.1 Conventional PCR and Real-Time Fluorescence PCR Assay Techniques
5.3.2.2 Isothermal Amplification of Nucleic Acid
5.3.2.3 GeneXpert Rapid Detection System
5.3.3 Nucleic Acid Molecular Hybridization Techniques
5.3.4 Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) Technologies
References
Part II: Special Contagious Diseases Related to the Central Nervous System
6: Respiratory Infectious Disease-Related Intracranial Infections
6.1 Measles
6.1.1 Acute Measles Encephalitis
6.1.1.1 Overview
6.1.1.2 Pathological Manifestations
6.1.1.3 Imaging
6.1.1.4 Diagnostic Key Points
6.1.1.5 Differential Diagnosis
6.1.2 Immunosuppressive Measles Encephalitis
6.1.2.1 Overview
6.1.2.2 Pathological Manifestations
6.1.2.3 Imaging
6.1.2.4 Diagnostic Key Points
6.1.2.5 Differential Diagnosis
6.1.3 Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis
6.1.3.1 Overview
6.1.3.2 Pathological Manifestations
6.1.3.3 Imaging
6.1.3.4 Diagnostic Key Points
6.1.3.5 Differential Diagnosis
6.1.3.6 Status and Progress of Research
6.2 Intracranial Tuberculosis
6.2.1 Overview
6.2.2 Pathological Manifestations
6.2.3 Imaging
6.2.4 Diagnostic Key Points
6.2.5 Differential Diagnosis
6.2.6 Status and Progress of Research
6.3 Meningococcal Meningitis
6.3.1 Overview
6.3.2 Pathological Manifestations
6.3.3 Imaging
6.3.4 Diagnostic Key Points
6.3.5 Differential Diagnosis
6.3.6 Status and Progress of Research
6.4 Pertussis Encephalopathy
6.4.1 Overview
6.4.2 Pathological Manifestations
6.4.3 Imaging
6.4.4 Diagnostic Key Points
6.4.5 Differential Diagnosis
6.4.6 Status and Progress of Research
6.5 Rubella Virus Encephalitis
6.5.1 Overview
6.5.2 Pathological Manifestations
6.5.3 Imaging
6.5.4 Diagnostic Key Points
6.5.5 Differential Diagnosis
6.5.6 Status and Progress of Research
6.6 Influenza A H1N1-Related Brain Changes
6.6.1 Overview
6.6.2 Pathological Manifestations
6.6.3 Imaging
6.6.4 Diagnostic Key Points
6.6.5 Differential Diagnosis
6.6.6 Status and Progress of Research
6.7 COVID-19-Related Encephalopathy
6.7.1 Overview
6.7.2 Pathological Manifestations
6.7.3 Imaging
6.7.4 Diagnostic Key Points
6.7.5 Differential Diagnosis
6.7.6 Status and Progress of Research
References
7: Gastrointestinal Infectious Disease-Related Central Nervous System Infections (Poliomyelitis)
7.1 Overview
7.2 Pathological Manifestations
7.3 Imaging
7.4 Diagnostic Key Points
7.5 Differential Diagnosis
7.6 Status and Progress of Research
References
8: Entomophila Infection-Related Intracranial Infections
8.1 Epidemic B Encephalitis
8.1.1 Overview
8.1.2 Pathological Manifestations
8.1.3 Imaging
8.1.4 Diagnostic Key Points
8.1.5 Differential Diagnosis
8.1.6 Status and Progress of Research
8.2 Echinococcosis
8.2.1 Cerebral Cyst Echinococcosis
8.2.1.1 Overview
8.2.1.2 Pathological Manifestations
8.2.1.3 Imaging
8.2.1.4 Diagnostic Key Points
8.2.1.5 Differential Diagnosis
8.2.1.6 Status and Progress of Research
8.2.2 Cerebral Alveolar Echinococcosis
8.2.2.1 Overview
8.2.2.2 Pathological Manifestations
8.2.2.3 Imaging
8.2.2.4 Diagnostic Key Points
8.2.2.5 Differential Diagnosis
8.2.2.6 Status and Progress of Research
8.3 Cerebral Schistosomiasis
8.3.1 Overview
8.3.2 Pathological Manifestations
8.3.3 Imaging
8.3.4 Diagnostic Key Points
8.3.5 Differential Diagnosis
8.3.6 Status and Progress of Research
8.4 Cerebral Malaria
8.4.1 Overview
8.4.2 Pathological Manifestations
8.4.3 Imaging
8.4.4 Diagnostic Key Points
8.4.5 Differential Diagnosis
8.4.6 Status and Progress of Research
8.5 Cerebral Amebiasis
8.5.1 Overview
8.5.2 Pathological Manifestations
8.5.3 Imaging
8.5.4 Diagnostic Key Points
8.5.5 Differential Diagnosis
8.5.6 Status and Progress of Research
References
9: Contagious Disease-Related Intracranial Infections
9.1 Rabies Encephalitis
9.1.1 Overview
9.1.2 Pathological Manifestations
9.1.3 Imaging
9.1.4 Diagnostic Key Points
9.1.5 Differential Diagnosis
9.1.6 Status and Progress of Research
9.2 Neurobrucellosis
9.2.1 Overview
9.2.2 Pathological Manifestations
9.2.3 Imaging
9.2.4 Diagnostic Key Points
9.2.5 Differential Diagnosis
9.2.6 Status and Progress of Research
9.3 Neurosyphilis
9.3.1 Overview
9.3.2 Pathological Manifestations
9.3.3 Imaging
9.3.4 Diagnostic Key Points
9.3.5 Differential Diagnosis
9.3.6 Status and Progress of Research
9.4 Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease Complicating Brainstem Encephalitis
9.4.1 Overview
9.4.2 Pathological Manifestations
9.4.3 Imaging
9.4.4 Diagnostic Key Points
9.4.5 Differential Diagnosis
9.4.6 Status and Progress of Research
References
10: AIDS-Related Intracranial Infections (Blood-Borne Infection-Associated Intracranial Infections)
10.1 Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Related Encephalitis
10.1.1 Overview
10.1.2 Pathological Manifestations
10.1.3 Imaging
10.1.3.1 CT Findings
10.1.3.2 MRI Findings
10.1.4 Diagnostic Key Points
10.1.5 Differential Diagnosis
10.1.5.1 Cytomegalovirus Encephalitis (CE)
10.1.5.2 AIDS Combined with Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML)
10.1.5.3 Subacute Spongiform Encephalopathy (SSE)
10.1.5.4 Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE)
10.1.6 Status and Progress of Research
10.1.6.1 Hydrogen Proton Spectroscopy Imaging (1H-MRS)
10.1.6.2 Magnetic Resonance Diffusion-Weighted Imaging (DWI)
10.1.6.3 Magnetic Resonance Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)
10.1.6.4 Magnetic Resonance Perfusion Weighted Imaging (PWI)
10.2 Toxoplasmic Encephalitis
10.2.1 Overview
10.2.2 Pathological Manifestations
10.2.3 Imaging
10.2.3.1 CT Findings
10.2.3.2 MRI Findings
10.2.4 Diagnostic Key Points
10.2.5 Differential Diagnosis
10.2.5.1 Primary Cerebral Lymphoma
10.2.5.2 Brain Metastases
10.2.5.3 Cerebral Tuberculoma
10.2.6 Status and Progress of Research
10.2.6.1 Magnetic Resonance Diffusion-Weighted Imaging (DWI)
10.2.6.2 Hydrogen Proton Spectroscopy Imaging (1H-MRS)
10.2.6.3 Magnetic Resonance Perfusion Weighted Imaging (PWI)
10.3 Cytomegalovirus Encephalitis
10.3.1 Overview
10.3.2 Pathological Manifestations
10.3.3 Imaging
10.3.3.1 CT Findings
10.3.3.2 MRI Findings
10.3.4 Diagnostic Key Points
10.3.5 Differential Diagnosis
10.3.5.1 Herpes Zoster Virus Encephalitis
10.3.5.2 HIV-Associated Encephalitis
10.3.5.3 Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM)
10.3.6 Status and Progress of Research
10.3.6.1 Magnetic Resonance Diffusion-Weighted Imaging (DWI)
10.3.6.2 Hydrogen Proton Spectrum Imaging (1H-MRS)
10.4 Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy
10.4.1 Overview
10.4.2 Pathological Manifestations
10.4.3 Imaging
10.4.3.1 CT Findings
10.4.3.2 MRI Findings
10.4.4 Diagnostic Key Points
10.4.5 Differential Diagnosis
10.4.5.1 HIV-Associated Encephalitis
10.4.5.2 Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
10.4.5.3 Cerebrovascular Disease
10.4.6 Status and Progress of Research
10.4.6.1 Hydrogen Proton Spectroscopy Imaging (1H-MRS)
10.4.6.2 Magnetic Resonance Diffusion-Weighted Imaging (DWI)
10.5 Penicilliosis Marneffei Infection
10.5.1 Overview
10.5.2 Pathological Manifestations
10.5.3 Imaging
10.5.3.1 CT Findings
10.5.3.2 MRI Findings
10.5.4 Diagnostic Key Points
10.5.5 Differential Diagnosis
10.5.5.1 Toxoplasma Encephalopathy
10.5.5.2 Tuberculoma
10.5.5.3 Cryptococcosis
10.5.6 Status and Progress of Research
10.6 Rhodococcus equi Infection
10.6.1 Overview
10.6.2 Pathological Manifestations
10.6.3 Imaging
10.6.4 Diagnostic Key Points
10.6.5 Differential Diagnosis
10.6.6 Status and Progress of Research
10.7 Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome
10.7.1 Overview
10.7.2 Pathological Manifestations
10.7.3 Imaging
10.7.4 Diagnostic Key Points
10.7.5 Differential Diagnosis
10.7.6 Status and Progress of Research
References
Part III: Special Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases of the Central Nervous System
11: Intracranial Purulent/Bacterial Infection
11.1 Purulent Meningitis
11.1.1 Overview
11.1.2 Pathological Manifestations
11.1.3 Imaging
11.1.3.1 CT
11.1.3.2 MRI
11.1.4 Diagnostic Key Points
11.1.5 Differential Diagnosis
11.1.6 Status and Progress of Research
11.2 Purulent Encephalitis and Brain Abscess
11.2.1 Overview
11.2.2 Pathological Manifestations
11.2.3 Imaging
11.2.3.1 CT Findings
11.2.3.2 MRI Findings
11.2.3.3 18F-FDG PET Findings
11.2.4 Diagnostic Key Points
11.2.5 Differential Diagnosis
11.2.5.1 Cerebral Cysticercosis
11.2.5.2 High-Grade Astrocytomas
11.2.5.3 Brain Metastases
11.2.5.4 Intracerebral Hematoma
11.2.5.5 Cerebral Infarction
11.2.5.6 Postoperative Residual Cavity
11.2.5.7 Radiation Encephalopathy
11.2.6 Status and Progress of Research
11.2.6.1 MR Diffusion-Weighted Imaging (DWI)
11.2.6.2 Magnetic Resonance Perfusion-Weighted Imaging (PWI) and Magnetic Resonance Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging (SWI)
11.2.6.3 Hydrogen Proton Spectrum Imaging (1H-MRS)
11.2.6.4 Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)
11.2.6.5 PWI Methods
11.3 Epidural and Subdural Abscesses
11.3.1 Overview
11.3.2 Pathological Manifestations
11.3.3 Imaging
11.3.3.1 Epidural Abscess
11.3.3.2 Subdural Abscess
11.3.4 Diagnostic Key Points
11.3.5 Differential Diagnosis
11.3.5.1 Subdural Abscess
11.3.5.2 Epidural Abscess
11.3.6 Status and Progress of Research
11.4 Ventriculitis
11.4.1 Overview
11.4.2 Pathological Manifestations
11.4.3 Imaging
11.4.3.1 CT Findings
11.4.3.2 MRI Findings
11.4.4 Differential Diagnosis
11.4.5 Diagnostic Key Points
11.4.6 Status and Progress of Research
11.5 Choroid Plexitis
11.5.1 Overview
11.5.2 Pathological Manifestations
11.5.3 Imaging
11.5.3.1 CT Findings
11.5.3.2 MR Manifestation
11.5.4 Differential Diagnosis
11.5.5 Diagnostic Key Points
11.5.6 Status and Progress of Research
11.6 Listeriosis
11.6.1 Overview
11.6.2 Pathological Manifestations
11.6.3 Imaging
11.6.4 Differential Diagnosis
11.6.5 Diagnostic Key Points
11.6.6 Status and Progress of Research
References
12: Intracranial Viral Infection
12.1 Herpesvirus spp. Infections
12.1.1 Herpes Simplex Viral Infection
12.1.1.1 Overview
12.1.1.2 Pathological Manifestations
12.1.1.3 Imaging
12.1.1.4 Diagnostic Key Points
12.1.1.5 Differential Diagnosis
Enterovirus Encephalitis
EB Viral Infection
Varicella: Zoster Viral Infection
Glioma
12.1.1.6 Status and Progress of Research
The Diagnosis of Herpes Simplex Virus Encephalitis
Laboratory Tests
Image
Neurophysiological Examination
12.1.2 Varicella-Zoster Viral Infection
12.1.2.1 Overview
12.1.2.2 Pathological Manifestations
12.1.2.3 Imaging
12.1.2.4 Diagnostic Key Points
12.1.2.5 Differential Diagnosis
EB Virus Infection
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
Enterovirus Encephalitis
12.1.2.6 Status and Progress of Research
Imaging Studies
Vascular Imaging Technique
Serology
12.1.3 EB Virus Infections
12.1.3.1 Overview
12.1.3.2 Pathological Manifestations
12.1.3.3 Imaging
12.1.3.4 Diagnostic Key Points
12.1.3.5 Differential Diagnosis
Mitochondrial Encephalopathy
Ischemia and Hypoxia Damage
Sinus Thrombosis
12.1.3.6 Status and Progress of Research
12.1.4 Human Herpes Virus 6 Infections
12.1.4.1 Overview
12.1.4.2 Pathological Manifestations
12.1.4.3 Imaging
12.1.4.4 Diagnostic Key Points
12.1.4.5 Differential Diagnosis
EB Viral Infection
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
Enterovirus Encephalitis
12.1.4.6 Status and Progress of Research
12.1.5 Monkey B Virus Infection
12.1.5.1 Overview
12.1.5.2 Pathological Manifestations
12.1.5.3 Imaging
12.1.5.4 Diagnostic Key Points
12.1.5.5 Differential Diagnosis
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis
Herpes Simplex Virus Encephalitis
12.1.5.6 Status and Progress of Research
12.2 Papova Virus Infections
12.2.1 Overview
12.2.2 Pathological Manifestations
12.2.3 Imaging
12.2.4 Diagnostic Key Points
12.2.5 Differential Diagnosis
12.2.6 Status and Progress of Research
12.3 Flavivirus Infection
12.3.1 Overview
12.3.1.1 Common Flavivirus Infections
12.3.2 Pathological Manifestations
12.3.3 Imaging
12.3.4 Diagnostic Key Points
12.3.5 Differential Diagnosis
12.3.6 Status and Progress of Research
12.3.7 West Nile Virus Infection
12.3.7.1 Overview
12.3.7.2 Pathological Manifestations
12.3.7.3 Imaging
12.3.7.4 Diagnostic Key Points
12.3.7.5 Differential Diagnosis
12.3.7.6 Status and Progress of Research
12.3.8 Murray Valley Encephalitis Virus Infection
12.3.8.1 Overview
12.3.8.2 Pathological Manifestations
12.3.8.3 Imaging
12.3.8.4 Diagnostic Key Points
12.3.8.5 Differential Diagnosis
12.3.8.6 Status and Progress of Research
12.4 Nipah Virus Infection
12.4.1 Overview
12.4.2 Pathological Manifestations
12.4.3 Imaging
12.4.4 Diagnostic Key Points
12.4.5 Differential Diagnosis
12.4.6 Status and Progress of Research
12.5 St. Louis Virus Encephalitis
12.5.1 Overview
12.5.2 Pathological Manifestations
12.5.3 Imaging
12.5.4 Diagnostic Key Points
12.5.5 Differential Diagnosis
12.5.6 Status and Progress of Research
12.6 Enteroviral Encephalitis
12.6.1 Overview
12.6.2 Pathological Manifestations
12.6.3 Imaging
12.6.4 Diagnostic Key Points
12.6.5 Differential Diagnosis
12.6.6 Status and Progress of Research
References
13: Intracranial Fungal Infections
13.1 Cryptococcosis
13.1.1 Overview
13.1.2 Pathological Manifestations
13.1.3 Imaging
13.1.4 Diagnostic Key Points
13.1.5 Differential Diagnosis
13.1.6 Status and Progress of Research
13.2 Aspergillosis
13.2.1 Overview
13.2.2 Pathological Manifestations
13.2.3 Imaging
13.2.3.1 CT Findings
13.2.3.2 MRI Findings
13.2.4 Diagnostic Key Points
13.2.5 Differential Diagnosis
13.2.6 Status and Progress of Research
13.3 Mucormycosis
13.3.1 Overview
13.3.2 Pathological Features
13.3.3 Imaging Features
13.3.3.1 CT Findings
13.3.3.2 MRI Findings
13.3.4 Diagnostic Key Points
13.3.5 Differential Diagnosis
13.3.6 Status and Progress of Research
13.4 Candidiasis
13.4.1 Overview
13.4.2 Pathological Manifestations
13.4.3 Imaging
13.4.4 Diagnostic Key Points
13.4.5 Differential Diagnosis
13.4.6 Status and Progress of Research
13.5 Paracoccidioidomycosis
13.5.1 Overview
13.5.2 Pathological Manifestations
13.5.3 Imaging
13.5.3.1 CT Findings
13.5.3.2 MRI Findings
13.5.4 Diagnostic Key Points
13.5.5 Differential Diagnosis
13.5.6 Status and Progress of Research
13.6 Actinomycosis
13.6.1 Cerebral Actinomycosis
13.6.1.1 Overview
13.6.1.2 Pathological Manifestations
13.6.1.3 Imaging
13.6.1.4 Diagnostic Key Points
13.6.1.5 Differential Diagnosis
13.6.1.6 Status and Progress of Research
13.6.2 Nocardiosis
13.6.2.1 Overview
13.6.2.2 Pathology Diagnosis
13.6.2.3 Imaging
13.6.2.4 Diagnostic Key Points
13.6.2.5 Differential Diagnosis
13.6.2.6 Status and Progress of Research
13.7 Histoplasmosis
13.7.1 Overview
13.7.2 Pathological Manifestations
13.7.3 Imaging
13.7.3.1 CT Findings
13.7.3.2 MRI Findings
13.7.4 Diagnostic Key Points
13.7.5 Differential Diagnosis
13.7.6 Status and Progress of Research
References
14: Intracranial Parasitic Infections
14.1 Cerebral Cysticercosis
14.1.1 Overview
14.1.2 Pathological Manifestations
14.1.3 Imaging
14.1.3.1 CT Findings
14.1.3.2 MRI Findings
14.1.4 Diagnostic Key Points
14.1.5 Differential Diagnosis
14.1.6 Status and Progress of Research
14.2 Cerebral Paragonimias
14.2.1 Overview
14.2.2 Pathological Manifestations
14.2.3 Imaging
14.2.4 Diagnostic Key Points
14.2.5 Differential Diagnosis
14.2.6 Status and Progress of Research
14.3 Cerebral Sparganosis
14.3.1 Overview
14.3.2 Pathological Manifestations
14.3.3 Imaging
14.3.4 Diagnostic Key Points
14.3.5 Differential Diagnosis
14.3.6 Status and Progress of Research
References
15: Intracranial Spirochete Infection (Lyme Disease)
15.1 Overview
15.2 Pathological Manifestations
15.3 Imaging
15.3.1 CT Findings
15.3.2 MRI Findings
15.4 Diagnostic Key Points
15.5 Differential Diagnosis
15.6 Status and Progress of Research
References
16: Intracranial Rickettsial Infection
16.1 Overview
16.2 Pathological Manifestations
16.3 Imaging
16.3.1 CT Findings
16.3.2 MRI Findings
16.3.3 Digital Subtraction Angiography
16.4 Diagnostic Key Points
16.5 Differential Diagnosis
16.6 Status and Progress of Research
References
17: Other Types of Intracranial Infectious (Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease)
17.1 Overview
17.2 Pathological Manifestations
17.3 Imaging
17.3.1 CT Findings
17.3.2 MRI Findings
17.4 Diagnostic Key Points
17.5 Differential Diagnosis
17.6 Status and Progress of Research
References
18: Specific Types of Intracranial Inflammatory Diseases
18.1 Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis
18.1.1 Overview
18.1.2 Pathological Manifestations
18.1.3 Imaging
18.1.4 Diagnostic Key Points
18.1.5 Differential Diagnosis
18.1.6 Status and Progress of Research
18.2 Rasmussen Encephalitis
18.2.1 Overview
18.2.2 Pathological Manifestations
18.2.3 Imaging
18.2.3.1 CT Findings
18.2.3.2 MRI Findings
18.2.4 Diagnostic Key Points
18.2.5 Differential Diagnosis
18.2.5.1 Mitochondrial Encephalopathy
18.2.5.2 Cortical Dysplasia
18.2.5.3 Sturge–Weber Syndrome
18.2.5.4 Cerebral Vasculitis
18.2.6 Status and Progress of Research
18.2.6.1 Hydrogen Proton Spectrum Imaging (1H-MRS)
18.2.6.2 Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA)
18.2.6.3 Task-State Functional MRI (fMRI)
18.3 Autoimmune Encephalitis
18.3.1 Overview
18.3.2 Pathological Manifestations
18.3.3 Imaging
18.3.4 Diagnostic Key Points
18.3.5 Differential Diagnosis
18.3.6 Status and Progress of Research
References
19: Cerebral Vasculitis
19.1 Infectious Vasculitis
19.1.1 Overview
19.1.2 Pathological Manifestations
19.1.3 Imaging
19.1.3.1 Angiography
19.1.3.2 CT Finding
19.1.3.3 MRI Findings
19.1.4 Diagnostic Key Points
19.1.5 Differential Diagnosis
19.1.5.1 Primary Central Nervous System Vasculitis
19.1.5.2 Intracranial Atherosclerosis
19.1.5.3 Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome
19.1.6 Status and Progress of Research
19.1.6.1 Angiography
19.1.6.2 Three-Dimensional Volumetric Isotropic Fast Spin-Echo Technique (3D-VISTA)
19.1.6.3 Magnetic Resonance High-Resolution Vascular Wall Imaging (HR-VWI)
19.1.6.4 Magnetic Resonance Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL)
19.2 Noninfectious Vasculitis
19.2.1 Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System
19.2.1.1 Overview
19.2.1.2 Pathological Manifestations
19.2.1.3 Imaging
Angiographic Manifestation
CT Findings
MRI Findings
19.2.1.4 Diagnostic Key Points
19.2.1.5 Differential Diagnosis
Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndromes (RCVS)
Moyamoya Disease
Intracranial Atherosclerosis
19.2.1.6 Status and Progress of Research
Magnetic Resonance High-Resolution Vessel Wall Imaging (HR-VWI)
Magnetic Resonance Magnetic Sensitivity Weighted Imaging (SWI)
Magnetic Resonance Diffusion-Weighted Imaging (DWI)
Magnetic Resonance Perfusion Imaging (PWI)
19.2.2 Various Other Vasculitis
19.2.2.1 Large Vessel Vasculitis
19.2.2.2 Medium Vessel Vasculitis
19.2.2.3 Small Vessel Vasculitis
19.2.2.4 Vasculitis Associated with Systemic Disease
19.2.2.5 Vasculitis Due to Drug Abuse
19.2.2.6 Radiation Injury
19.3 Sarcoidosis
19.3.1 Overview
19.3.2 Pathological Manifestations
19.3.3 Imaging
19.3.3.1 Angiographic Findings
19.3.3.2 CT Findings
19.3.3.3 MRI Findings
19.3.4 Diagnostic Key Points
19.3.5 Differential Diagnosis
19.3.5.1 Multiple Sclerosis
19.3.5.2 Primary CNS Vasculitis
19.3.5.3 Infectious Lesions
19.3.6 Status and Progress of Research
References
20: Spinal Cord and Spinal Canal Infections and Inflammatory Diseases
20.1 Viral Infection of Spinal Cord and Spinal Canal
20.1.1 AIDS-Related Spinal Cord Infection
20.1.1.1 AIDS-Related Toxoplasma Spinal Cord Infection
Overview
Pathological Manifestations
Imaging
Diagnostic Key Points
Differential Diagnosis
Research Status and Progress
20.1.1.2 AIDS-Related Spinal Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
Overview
Pathological Manifestations
Imaging Findings
Diagnostic Key Points
Differential Diagnosis
Research Status and Progress
20.1.1.3 AIDS-Related Spinal Cytomegalovirus Infection
Overview
Pathological Manifestations
Imaging
Diagnostic Key Points
Differential Diagnosis
Research Status and Progress
20.1.1.4 AIDS-Related Staphylococcus aureus Infection of the Spinal Cord
Overview
Pathological Manifestations
Imaging
Diagnostic Key Points
Differential Diagnosis
Research Status and Progress
20.1.2 Varicella-Zoster Virus Infection
20.1.2.1 Overview
20.1.2.2 Pathological Manifestations
20.1.2.3 Imaging
20.1.2.4 Diagnostic Key Points
20.1.2.5 Differential Diagnosis
20.1.2.6 Research Status and Progress
20.1.3 Enterovirus Infection
20.1.3.1 Overview
20.1.3.2 Pathological Manifestations
20.1.3.3 Imaging
20.1.3.4 Diagnostic Key Points
20.1.3.5 Differential Diagnosis
20.1.3.6 Research Status and Progress
20.1.4 EB Virus Infection
20.1.4.1 Overview
20.1.4.2 Pathological Manifestations
20.1.4.3 Imaging
20.1.4.4 Diagnostic Key Points
20.1.4.5 Differential Diagnosis
20.1.4.6 Research Status and Progress
20.1.5 Rabies Virus Infection
20.1.5.1 Overview
20.1.5.2 Pathological Manifestations
20.1.5.3 Imaging
20.1.5.4 Diagnostic Key Points
20.1.5.5 Differential Diagnosis
20.1.5.6 Research Status and Progress
20.2 Bacterial Infection of Spinal Cord and Spinal Canal
20.2.1 Epidural Abscess and Subdural Abscess
20.2.1.1 Overview
20.2.1.2 Pathological Manifestations
20.2.1.3 Imaging
20.2.1.4 Diagnostic Key Points
20.2.1.5 Differential Diagnosis
20.2.1.6 Research Status and Progress
20.2.2 Pyogenic Myelitis and Intramedullary Abscess
20.2.2.1 Overview
20.2.2.2 Pathological Manifestations
20.2.2.3 Imaging
20.2.2.4 Diagnostic Key Points
20.2.2.5 Differential Diagnosis
20.2.2.6 Research Status and Progress
20.3 Tuberculosis Infection of Spinal Cord and Spinal Canal
20.3.1 Overview
20.3.2 Pathological Manifestations
20.3.3 Imaging
20.3.4 Diagnostic Key Points
20.3.5 Differential Diagnosis
20.3.6 Research Status and Progress
20.4 Other Infections of Spinal Cord and Spinal Canal
20.4.1 Hydatid Disease in the Spinal Canal
20.4.1.1 Overview
20.4.1.2 Pathological Manifestations
20.4.1.3 Imaging
20.4.1.4 Diagnostic Key Points
20.4.1.5 Differential Diagnosis
20.4.1.6 Research Status and Progress
20.4.2 Lyme Disease
20.4.2.1 Overview
20.4.2.2 Pathological Manifestations
20.4.2.3 Imaging
20.4.2.4 Diagnostic Key Points
20.4.2.5 Differential Diagnosis
20.4.2.6 Research Status and Progress
20.4.3 Syphilitic Myelitis
20.4.3.1 Overview
20.4.3.2 Pathological Manifestations
20.4.3.3 Imaging
20.4.3.4 Diagnostic Key Points
20.4.3.5 Differential Diagnosis
20.4.3.6 Research Status and Progress
20.4.4 Human T-Cell Lymphoma Virus Type 1 Related Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paralysis
20.4.4.1 Overview
20.4.4.2 Pathological Manifestations
20.4.4.3 Imaging
20.4.4.4 Diagnostic Key Points
20.4.4.5 Differential Diagnosis
20.4.4.6 Research Status and Progress
20.4.5 Mycoplasma pneumoniae Myelitis
20.4.5.1 Overview
20.4.5.2 Pathological Manifestations
20.4.5.3 Imaging
20.4.5.4 Diagnostic Key Points
20.4.5.5 Differential Diagnosis
20.4.5.6 Research Status and Progress
20.5 Noninfectious Inflammatory Diseases of the Spinal Cord and Spinal Canal
20.5.1 Chronic Spinal Radiculitis
20.5.1.1 Overview
20.5.1.2 Pathological Manifestations
20.5.1.3 Imaging
20.5.1.4 Diagnostic Key Points
20.5.1.5 Differential Diagnosis
20.5.1.6 Research Status and Progress
20.5.2 Sarcoidosis Myelitis
20.5.2.1 Overview
20.5.2.2 Pathological Manifestations
20.5.2.3 Imaging
20.5.2.4 Diagnostic Key Points
20.5.2.5 Differential Diagnosis
20.5.2.6 Research Status and Progress
20.5.3 Paraneoplastic Myelopathy
20.5.3.1 Overview
20.5.3.2 Pathological Manifestations
20.5.3.3 Imaging
20.5.3.4 Diagnostic Key Points
20.5.3.5 Differential Diagnosis
20.5.3.6 Research Status and Progress
20.6 Infection of the Meninges (Spinal Meningitis)
20.6.1 Overview
20.6.2 Pathological Manifestations
20.6.3 Imaging
20.6.4 Diagnostic Key Points
20.6.5 Differential Diagnosis
20.6.6 Research Status and Progress
References
21: Complications Associated with Post-surgical Infection
21.1 Post-surgical Infection
21.1.1 Overview
21.1.2 Pathological Manifestations
21.1.3 Imaging
21.1.4 Diagnostic Key Points
21.1.5 Differential Diagnosis
21.1.6 Status and Progress of Research
21.2 Chemical Meningitis
21.2.1 Overview
21.2.2 Pathological Manifestations
21.2.3 Imaging
21.2.4 Diagnostic Key Points
21.2.5 Differential Diagnosis
21.2.6 Status and Progress of Research
References