Physical Therapy and Research in Patients with Cancer

Description:

This collection of chapters describes in detail the physical therapy research in patients with various types of cancers to help medical professionals and physical therapists help improve the physical function, activity of daily living, quality of life, the survival rate in cancer patients and cancer survivors. It provides not only information on rehabilitation but details on physical therapy cancer research and research methods. The book provides practical skills to treat the patients and to create useful and effective physical therapy programs by giving step-by-step tutorials to help readers learn various techniques. Along with presenting an introduction to physical therapy of cance and new findings, the authors provide recommendations on each cancer therapy.

Physical Therapy and Research in Patients with Cancer is aimed at physical therapists and student physical therapists. Undergraduate and postgraduate students also can use our book to understand the basics and get up-to-date information. By sharing the latest research with our readers, the book creates a foundation for further development in this field of study.

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Preface

It is known that cancer patients experience various physical and mental symptoms and a decline in both activities of daily living (ADL) and quality of life (QOL). These impairments are a result of both the cancer itself and the treatment process. Physical therapy in patients with cancer has recently come to be recognized as an important treatment modality in the recovery process after chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Physical therapy in patients with cancer not only improves physical functions such as muscle strength and exercise tolerance, as well as ADL and QOL, but also has the potential to contribute to survival and recurrence rates. Physical therapy in cancer patients targets a wide range of cancer types, including breast, gastrointestinal, lung, and hematologic cancers. In addition, physical therapy can be performed in cancer patients of all ages, from children to older adults, and physical therapists must have the proper knowledge to provide physical therapy to cancer patients. Although physical therapy has been reported to have a variety of benefits, it can also have negative effects on cancer patients if not properly applied. Therefore, risk management is also very important in the determination and application of physical therapy.

This book presents extensive knowledge and research findings of physical therapy researchers who are well experienced in the field of physical therapy for cancer. It is intended for a wide range of readers, including physical therapists and students who are interested in physical therapy in cancer patients, as well as clinicians and nurses who are seeking accurate information that can be immediately applied to their daily rehabilitation practice. In addition, the book presents cutting-edge cancer physical therapy research and evidence. We are pleased to share our knowledge with readers through this book, and we believe it will contribute to physical therapy in cancer patients.

Finally, we would like to express our deepest gratitude to our colleagues, who have contributed to each chapter, as well as Springer Publishers, all of whom have worked so hard in the preparation of this book.

Table of contents :

Preface
Contents
Part I: Physical Function and Health Related Quality of Life
1: Physical Function and Health-Related QOL in Cancer Survivors
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Quality of Life
1.3 Physical Function of Cancer Survivors
1.3.1 Body Weight
1.3.2 Sarcopenia
1.3.3 Exercise Capacity
1.3.4 Hand Grip Strength
1.3.5 Knee Extension Strength
1.3.6 Fall and Balance Function
1.3.7 Sensory Disturbance Peripheral Neuropathy
1.4 Physical Therapy
1.4.1 Resistance Training
1.4.2 Aerobic Exercise
1.4.3 Combined Resistance Training and Aerobic Exercise
1.5 Relationship Between Physical Function and Mortality
1.6 Conclusions
References
2: Physical Function and Health-Related Quality of Life After Breast Cancer Surgery
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Assessment
2.2.1 Quality of Life Assessments
2.2.1.1 Short Form with 36 Questions
2.2.1.2 European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer QLQ-C30
2.2.1.3 European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer QLQ-BR23
2.2.1.4 Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast
2.2.1.5 Breast-Q
2.2.1.6 World Health Organization Quality of Life
2.2.1.7 Lymphedema Functioning, Disability and Health Questionnaire for Upper Limb Lymphedema
2.2.2 Depression and Anxiety Assessments
2.2.2.1 Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
2.2.2.2 Distress and Impact Thermometer
2.2.2.3 Self-Rating Depression Scale
2.2.2.4 Self-Rating Anxiety Scale
2.2.2.5 General Distress, Measured by the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised
2.2.2.6 Centers for Epidemiological Studies-Depression
2.2.3 Assessments of Upper Extremity Function
2.2.3.1 Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand
2.2.3.2 Shortened Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand Questionnaire
2.2.4 Muscle Strength Assessments
2.2.4.1 Manual Muscle Testing
2.2.4.2 Handheld Dynamometer
2.2.4.3 Grip Strength
2.2.5 Assessment of Axillary Web Syndrome
2.2.6 Assessment of Lymphedema
2.2.6.1 Circumference Measurements
2.2.6.2 Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis
2.2.7 Pain Assessment
2.2.7.1 Visual Analog Pain Scale
2.2.7.2 Numerical Rating Scale
2.2.7.3 McGill Pain Questionnaire
2.2.7.4 Brief Pain Inventory
2.3 Rehabilitation
2.3.1 Preoperative Rehabilitation
2.3.2 Early Rehabilitation
2.3.3 Resistance Exercise
2.3.4 Home-Based Multidimensional Survivorship Programs
2.3.5 Water-Based Exercise
2.3.6 Complex Decongestive Physical Therapy
2.3.7 Psychoeducational Group Interventions
2.3.8 Tai Chi Chuan
2.4 Factors Affecting Quality of Life
2.4.1 Factors Affecting the Quality of Life After Breast Cancer
2.4.2 Our Study: Investigation of Factors Affecting Early Quality of Life of Patients After Breast Cancer Surgery [6] 2.4.2.1 Time Course of Quality of Life
2.4.2.2 Factor Affecting Quality of Life
2.5 Factors Affecting Psychological Problems
2.5.1 Characteristics and Incidence of Psychological Problems
2.5.2 Factors Affecting Psychological Problems
2.5.3 Our Study: Risk Factors for Early Postoperative Psychological Problems in Breast Cancer Patients After Axillary Lymph Node Dissection [8] 2.5.3.1 Incidence of Psychological Problems
2.5.3.2 Factors Affecting Psychological Problems
2.6 Factors Affecting Shoulder Range of Motion
2.6.1 Improvements in Range of Motion
2.6.2 Factors Affecting Range of Motion
2.6.3 Our Study: Risk Factors of Shoulder Function Impairment After Axillary Dissection for Breast Cancer [123] 2.6.3.1 Improvements in Range of Motion
2.6.3.2 Factors Affecting Range of Motion
2.7 Factors Affecting Axillary Web Syndrome
2.7.1 Period of Axillary Web Syndrome Occurrence
2.7.2 Clinical Characteristics
2.7.3 Factors Affecting Axillary Web Syndrome After Breast Cancer
2.7.4 Our Study: Influence of and Risk Factors for Axillary Web Syndrome Following Surgery for Breast Cancer [7] 2.7.4.1 Occurrence of Axillary Web Syndrome
2.7.4.2 Shoulder Joint Range of Motion Compared Between Patients with and Without Axillary Web Syndrome
2.7.4.3 Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand Compared Between Patients with and Without Axillary Web Syndrome
2.7.4.4 Quality of Life Compared Between Patients with and Without Axillary Web Syndrome
2.7.4.5 Factors Predicting Axillary Web Syndrome
2.8 Factors Affecting Lymphedema
2.8.1 Clinical Characteristics
2.8.2 Incidence of Lymphedema
2.8.3 Risk Factors for Lymphedema
2.8.4 Our Study: Risk Factors for Lymphedema in Breast Cancer Survivors Following Axillary Lymph Node Dissection [164] 2.8.4.1 Incidence of Lymphedema
2.8.4.2 Risk Factors for Lymphedema
2.9 Factors Affecting Return to Work
2.9.1 Incidence of Return to Work
2.9.2 Our Study: Factors Associated with Returning to Work for Breast Cancer Patients Following Axillary Lymph Node Dissection [185] 2.9.2.1 Incidence of Return to Work
2.10 Factors Affecting Participation in Leisure Activities
2.10.1 Our Study: Factors Affecting Participation in Leisure Activities After Breast Cancer Surgery [189] 2.10.1.1 Factors Affecting Participation in Leisure Activities
2.11 Tai Chi Yuttari-Exercise
2.11.1 Our Study: Impact of Tai Chi Yuttari-Exercise on Arteriosclerosis and Physical Function in Older People: Subjects Without Cancer [199] 2.11.2 Our Study: Investigating the Circulatory-Respiratory Response During Tai Chi Yuttari-Exercise Among Older Adults: Subjects Without Cancer [200] 2.12 Future Research Topics
2.12.1 Evaluation of Breast Cancer Patients at Home
2.12.2 Rehabilitation to Motivate Patients
2.12.3 Rehabilitation for Elderly Breast Cancer Patients
References
3: Physical Function and Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Gastrointestinal Cancer
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Influencing Factors of HRQoL in Patients with GIC
3.3 Intervention Effect of Physical Therapy on Health-Related QOL of Patients with GIC
3.4 What Factors Are Needed to Improve HRQoL Early After Surgery Among Patients with GIC?
3.5 Physical Therapy for Patients with GIC in the Future
3.6 Conclusion
References
4: Physical Function and Health-Related QOL in Surgically Treated Patients with Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Surgical Treatment of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma
4.1.2 Perioperative Rehabilitation of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma
4.1.3 Physiotherapy
4.2 Physical Function and Quality-of-Life Assessment
4.2.1 Demographic, Clinical, and Diagnostic Data
4.2.2 Handgrip Strength
4.2.3 Knee Extensor Muscle Strength
4.2.4 Submaximal Exercise Capacity
4.2.5 Pulmonary Function
4.2.6 Health-Related Quality of Life
4.3 Physiotherapy Research in the Surgical Field of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma
4.4 Conclusion
References
5: Muscle Mass, Cachexia, and Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Hematologic Malignancies
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Muscle Mass and Cachexia
5.3 Health-Related Quality of Life
5.4 Low-Intensity Exercise Therapy
5.5 Behavioral Change Interventions
5.6 Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation and Whole-Body Electromyostimulation
5.7 Conclusion
References
6: Exercise Capacity and Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients After Lung Resection for Non-small Cell Lung Cancer
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Physiotherapy in Patients for Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)
6.3 Exercise Capacity in Patients with NSCLC
6.3.1 Exercise Capacity
6.3.2 Impact of Lung Resection on Exercise Capacity After Surgery
6.3.3 The Role of Exercise Capacity Tests in Lung Cancer
6.3.4 Methods of Exercise Capacity Tests
6.3.4.1 Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test
6.3.4.2 6-MWT
6.3.4.3 Incremental Shuttle Walking Test
6.3.5 Research About Postoperative Functional Exercise Capacity
6.3.5.1 Methods
6.3.5.2 Measurements
6.3.5.3 Functional Exercise Capacity
6.3.5.4 Skeletal Muscle Strength
6.3.5.5 Surgical and Perioperative Management
6.3.5.6 Statistical Analysis
6.3.5.7 Results
6.3.5.8 Conclusion
6.4 HRQoL in Patients with NSCLC
6.4.1 HRQoL
6.4.2 Impact of Lung Resection on HRQoL After Surgery
6.4.2.1 Physical Component of HRQoL
6.4.2.2 Mental Health Component of HRQoL
6.4.2.3 Symptoms of the Disease
6.4.2.4 Predictive Factors of Postoperative HRQoL
6.4.3 Measurement of HRQoL
6.4.3.1 36-Items Short Form
6.4.3.2 EuroQOL
6.4.3.3 European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality of Life Core Questionnaire (QLQ-C30)
6.4.3.4 Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy General
6.4.4 Our Research About Postoperative HRQoL
6.4.4.1 Methods
6.4.4.2 Measurements
HRQoL Assessment
6.4.4.3 Statistical Analysis
6.4.4.4 Results
6.4.4.5 Conclusion
6.5 Conclusions
References
Part II: Physical Exercise
7: The Effect of Physical Exercise on Physical Function and Survival Rate in Cancer Patients
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Physical Function Outcome for Cancer Patients
7.2.1 Handgrip Strength
7.2.2 Gait Speed
7.2.3 6-Minute Walking Test
7.2.4 Short Physical Performance Battery
7.2.5 Timed Up-and-Go Test
7.3 Exercise Therapy for Physical Dysfunction in Cancer Patients
7.4 Physical Function and Mortality
7.5 Exercise Therapy and Mortality
7.6 Conclusions
References
8: Exercise Therapy on Muscle Mass and Physical Function in Patients Undergoing Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Allo-HSCT Rehabilitation
8.3 Procedure
8.4 Types of Allo-HSCT and Intensity of Preconditioning Treatment
8.5 After Hospitalization for Allo-HSCT
8.6 Treatment Environment
8.7 Assessment
8.7.1 Assessment Items
8.8 Exercise Therapy
8.8.1 Strength Training
8.8.2 Endurance (Aerobic) Training
8.8.3 Stretching
8.8.4 Balance Exercise
8.8.5 ADL Exercise
8.8.6 Self-Directed Exercise
8.9 Approach to Exercise Therapy
8.9.1 Pre-HSCT Treatment Period
8.9.2 Day of Allo-HSCT to Engraftment
8.9.3 Engraftment to Discharge
8.9.4 Important Considerations to Keep in Mind on a Given Day of Exercise Therapy
8.10 Complications in Allo-HSCT Treatment
8.11 Exercise During Complications
8.11.1 Influence of Pre-conditioning Treatment
8.12 GvHD
8.12.1 Skin GvHD
8.12.2 Gastrointestinal GvHD
8.12.3 Liver GvHD
8.13 Viral Infections
8.13.1 Cytomegalovirus Infection
8.13.2 Hemorrhagic Cystitis Caused by Adenovirus
8.13.3 Steroid Myopathy
8.14 Risk Management
8.14.1 Cytopenia
8.14.2 Leukopenia
8.14.3 Red Blood Cell Depletion
8.14.4 Thrombocytopenia
8.14.5 Rehabilitation During Blood Transfusion
8.15 Nutritional Support
8.16 Elderly Patients
8.17 Long-Term Follow-Up; LTFU
8.17.1 Medical Interview
8.17.2 Physical Activity
8.17.3 Three-Month Follow-Up
8.17.4 Six-Month Follow-Up
8.17.5 One-Year Follow-Up
8.18 Conclusion
References
9: Physical Exercise and Immune Function in Patients with Hematological Malignancies
9.1 Introduction: Patients with Hematological Malignancies and an Outline of the Immune System
9.1.1 Exercise in Healthy Subjects and Infection Epidemiology
9.1.2 Hematological Malignancy and Exercise
9.2 Relationship Between the Function of Immune Cells and Exercise
9.2.1 Neutrophils
9.2.2 Lymphocytes (T Cell)
9.2.3 Lymphocytes (B Cell)
9.2.4 Lymphocytes (Natural Killer Cell)
9.3 Relationship Between the Function of the Endocrine System and Movement
9.3.1 Catecholamines
9.3.2 Carbohydrate Corticoids
9.4 Relationship Between Cytokine Function and Exercise
9.5 Effect of Exercise on Immune Function in Patients with Hematological Malignancies
9.6 Effects and Challenges of Exercise on the Treatment of Patients with Hematological Malignancies
9.6.1 Is Exercise a Treatment Tool for Hematological Malignancies?
9.6.2 Does Exercise Promote the Treatment of Hematological Malignancies?
9.6.3 Effects of Exercise on Immune Cells in Patients with Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
9.7 Conclusion
References
10: Exercise Protocols for Counteracting Cancer Cachexia-Related Declines in Muscle Mass and Strength and the Clinical Assessment of Skeletal Muscle
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Physiology
10.2.1 Cancer Cachexia
10.2.2 Physical Exercise in Cancer Patients
10.2.3 Chemotherapy-Induced Toxicity in Skeletal Muscle
10.3 Effects of Training Protocols on Muscle Strength and Mass in Cancer Cachexia
10.3.1 Resistance Training
10.3.2 Aerobic Training
10.3.3 Combined Training
10.3.4 High-Intensity Interval Training
10.3.5 Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation
10.4 Assessment of Skeletal Muscle in Clinical Practice
10.4.1 Skeletal Muscle Strength
10.4.2 Skeletal Muscle Mass
10.4.2.1 Imaging-Based Muscle Mass Assessment
10.4.2.2 Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry
10.4.2.3 Bioelectric Impedance Analysis
10.4.2.4 Ultrasound Diagnostic Imaging
10.4.3 Methods for Qualitative Assessment of Skeletal Muscles
10.4.3.1 Measurement of Intramuscular Noncontractile Tissue in CT Imaging
10.4.3.2 Phase Angle
10.4.3.3 Muscle Echo Intensity
10.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
11: Physical Exercise and Skeletal Muscle Adaptation in Cancer Cachexia
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Animal Model of Cancer Cachexia
11.3 Colon 26 Adenocarcinoma Model
11.4 Lewis Lung Carcinoma Model
11.5 Walker 256 Carcinoma Model
11.6 Yoshida Ascites Hepatoma AH-130 Model
11.7 Other Tumor Transplantation Models
11.8 Genetic Model of Cancer Cachexia
11.9 Regulatory Mechanism of Muscle Mass During Cancer Cachexia
11.10 Proteolysis System During Cancer Cachexia
11.11 Alteration of Protein Synthesis During Cancer Cachexia
11.12 Abnormal Oxidative Metabolism and Muscle Wasting During Cancer Cachexia
11.13 Exercise Intervention for Cancer Cachexia
References
12: Physical Function and Physical Activity in Patients with Advanced Lung Cancer
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Clinical Practice in Physical Therapy for Advanced Lung Cancer Patients
12.2.1 Bone Metastasis
12.2.2 Brain Metastasis
12.2.3 Pulmonary Dysfunction
12.2.4 Cancer Cachexia
12.2.5 Physical Therapy to Improve Quality of Life
12.3 Previous Studies on Physical Function, Exercise Capacity, Physical Activity, and Exercise Intervention in Patients with Advanced Lung Cancer
12.3.1 Physical Function at the Time of Diagnosis
12.3.2 Relationship Between Exercise Capacity and Survival
12.3.3 Relationship Between Physical Activity and Survival
12.3.4 Exercise Intervention
12.4 Physical Therapy Research for Patients with Advanced Lung Cancer
12.4.1 Study Design
12.4.2 Protocol Design
12.5 Conclusion
References
13: Physical Activity in Patients with Breast Cancer
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Traditional Physical Therapy Regarding Physical Activity in Patients with Breast Cancer
13.2.1 The Effect of Physical Activity on Patients with Breast Cancer
13.2.1.1 Physical Activity and Breast Cancer Risk
13.2.1.2 Physical Activity and Recurrence
13.2.1.3 Physical Activity and Survival
13.2.2 Promoting Physical Activity Among Patients
13.2.2.1 Promote Physical Activity Before Diagnosis of Breast Cancer
13.2.2.2 Promoting Physical Activity During and After Breast Cancer Treatment
13.2.3 The Determinants of Physical Activity Among Cancer Patients with Breast Cancer
13.2.4 Assessment Tools of Physical Activity and Clinical Applications
13.2.4.1 Assessment of Physical Activity Using Questionnaires
13.2.4.2 Assessment of Physical Activity Using Pedometers and  Accelerometers
13.2.4.3 Clinical Indications
13.3 Research Trend for Physical Activity for Patients with  Breast Cancer
13.3.1 Lymphedema After Breast Cancer Surgery
13.3.2 Hormone Therapy
13.3.2.1 Bone-Related Events: Physical Activity
13.3.2.2 Joint Pain: Physical Activity
13.3.3 Chemotherapy
13.3.4 Herceptin for HER2-Positive Molecular Target Drugs
13.4 Further Research
13.4.1 Assessment of Physical Activity
13.4.2 Myokine
13.5 Conclusion
References
Part III: Physical Function and Other Symptom
14: Multiple Frailty in Elderly Patients with Cancer
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Section 1
14.2.1 Epidemiology of Older Cancers
14.2.2 Frailty in Geriatrics
14.2.3 Frailty in Oncology
14.2.4 Assessment Tools of Frailty (Table 14.1)
14.2.5 Frailty in Elderly Cancer Patients
14.3 Section 2
14.3.1 Multiple Frailty
14.3.1.1 Physical Frailty
14.3.1.2 Cognitive Frailty
14.3.1.3 Social Frailty
14.4 Section 3
14.4.1 Relationship Between Cancer Incidence and Frailty
14.4.2 Impact of Frailty in the Perioperative Period
14.4.2.1 Before Treatment
14.4.2.2 During Treatment
14.4.2.3 After Treatment
14.4.3 Summary of the Section
14.5 Section 4
14.5.1 Prehabilitation
14.5.2 Outpatient Cancer Rehabilitation
14.5.3 The Multidimensional Concept of Frailty
14.6 Conclusion
References
15: Postoperative Complications in Patients with Esophageal Cancer
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Problems Following Esophagectomy
15.2.1 Risk Factors of Postoperative Complications in Esophagectomy
15.2.2 Postoperative Pulmonary Complications in Esophagectomy
15.2.2.1 Incidence Rate
15.2.2.2 Pathogenesis Mechanism
Respiratory System and Esophagectomy
Lung Volumes and Atelectasis
Respiratory Muscle Dysfunction
Pneumonia and Its Causes
15.2.3 Sarcopenia and Esophagectomy Outcomes
15.2.4 Cardiopulmonary Function and Esophagectomy Outcomes
15.2.5 Clinical Practice of Rehabilitation in Esophagectomy
15.2.5.1 Preoperative Rehabilitation (Prehabilitation)
Definition and Components of Prehabilitation
Efficacy of Prehabilitation in Esophagectomy
15.2.5.2 Perioperative Rehabilitation
Notable Postoperative Complications in Esophagectomy
Delirium
ICU-Acquired Weakness (ICU-AW)
Postoperative Symptom Management
Early mobilization
15.2.6 Multidisciplinary Medical Team Approach in Esophagectomy
15.3 Conclusion
References
16: Cancer-Related Lymphedema and Obesity
16.1 Edema
16.2 Causes and Characteristics of Edema
16.3 Lymphedema
16.4 Diagnosis and Evaluation of Lymphedema
16.5 Lymphedema Treatment
16.6 Lymphedema and Weight Gain (Obesity)
16.7 Mechanisms of Obesity and Lymphedema Development
16.8 Role of Fat
16.9 Case Study
16.10 Future Policy
References
17: Cancer-Related Pain and Effects of Non-pharmacologic Intervention
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Classification of Pain by Pathology
17.2.1 Nociceptive Pain
17.2.2 Neuropathic Pain
17.2.3 Psychogenic Pain
17.2.4 Immobilization-Induced Pain
17.3 Classification of Cancer-Related Pain
17.3.1 Visceral Pain
17.3.2 Bone Pain
17.3.3 Neuropathic Pain
17.4 Continuous and Breakthrough Pain
17.4.1 Continuous Pain
17.4.2 Breakthrough Pain
17.5 Methods of Pain Assessment
17.6 Pharmacologic Interventions for Cancer-Related Pain
17.6.1 Opioids Rotation and Conversion Ratio
17.7 Non-pharmacologic Intervention for Cancer-Related Pain
17.8 Physical Exercise for Cancer-Related Pain
17.9 Thermal Therapy for Cancer-Related Pain
17.10 Massaging for Cancer-Related Pain
17.11 Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) for Cancer-Related Pain
17.11.1 Safety of TENS for Cancer Patients
17.11.2 Mechanism of Effect of TENS for Pain
17.11.3 Introduction of Research on the Effect of TENS for Cancer-Related Pain
17.11.3.1 TENS Application Protocol
17.11.3.2 Effect of Pain Relief by TENS
17.11.4 Meta-Analysis on the Effect of TENS for Cancer-Related Pain
17.11.5 Treatment of Cancer-Related Symptoms Other Than Pain Using TENS
17.12 Other Treatments in Physical Therapy for Cancer Patients
17.13 Clinical Recommendation and Conclusion
17.14 Conclusion
References
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18: Nutrition and Daily Activities in Older Patients After Gastrectomy
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Nutrition and Gastric Cancer
18.3 Physical Activity, Exercise, and Gastric Cancer
18.4 Malnutrition in Patients with Gastric Cancer Who Underwent Gastrectomy
18.4.1 BMI
18.4.2 GNRI
18.4.3 Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA)
18.4.4 Prealbumin
18.4.5 Other Nutritional Indicators
18.5 Malnutrition and Clinical Outcomes
18.5.1 Mortality and Complication After Gastrectomy
18.5.2 Quality of Life (QOL)
18.5.3 Activities of Daily Living (ADL)
18.5.4 Malnutrition and Nonsurgical Treatments
18.6 Sarcopenia in Patients with Gastric Cancer
18.6.1 Sarcopenia and Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Gastric Cancer
18.7 Frailty in Patients with Gastric Cancer
18.7.1 Prevalence of Frailty in Patients with Gastric Cancer
18.7.2 Frailty and Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Gastric Cancer
18.8 Perioperative Nutrition and Rehabilitation Intervention
18.8.1 ERAS
18.8.2 Pre-rehabilitation
18.8.3 Pre-rehabilitation in Physical Aspects
18.8.4 Perioperative Nutritional Intervention
18.8.5 Combination Intervention of Nutritional Management and Rehabilitation After Gastrectomy
18.9 Conclusion
References
19: Frailty and Mental Health in Older Patients with Gastrointestinal Cancer
19.1 Introduction
19.1.1 Gastrointestinal Cancer and Frailty
19.1.2 Gastrointestinal Cancer and Psychiatric Symptoms
19.2 Impact of Psychiatric Distress on Physical Function, Activities of Daily Living, and Quality of Life
19.3 Physical Therapy Evaluation of Physical Frailty and Mental Health
19.3.1 Physical Frailty
19.3.1.1 Frailty Index
19.3.1.2 Cardiovascular Health Study
19.3.1.3 Geriatric8
19.3.1.4 Vulnerable Elders Survey-13
19.3.2 Mental Health
19.3.2.1 Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
19.3.2.2 The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale
19.3.2.3 Geriatric Depression Scale-15
19.3.2.4 Distress and Impact Thermometer
19.4 Rehabilitation for Gastrointestinal Cancer Patients
19.4.1 Early Postoperative Rehabilitation
19.4.2 Rehabilitation Before Discharge
19.4.3 Pre-rehabilitation
19.5 Exercise and Mental Health
19.5.1 Effects of Exercise on Mental Health
19.5.2 Mechanisms for the Effects of Exercise on Mental Health
19.6 Our Research Topics: Social Frailty and Mental Health
19.6.1 Social Frailty
19.6.2 Social Frailty in Patients with Cancer
19.6.3 Social Frailty and Mental Health
19.7 Future Physical Therapy Research in This Field
References
20: Physical Function and Nutrition in Patients with Hematological Malignancies
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Physical Function and Nutritional Status in Adults Who Undergo Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
20.2.1 Pretransplantation Physical Function and Nutritional Status Assessment
20.2.2 Interventions for Physical Function and Nutrition After Transplantation
20.3 Physical Function and Nutritional Interventions in Adults Administered Chemotherapy
20.3.1 Pre-chemotherapy Physical Function and Nutritional Status Assessment
20.3.2 Exercise Intervention and Motor Function Changes During Chemotherapy
References
21: Physical Function and Nutrition in Patients with Esophageal Cancer and Head and Neck Cancer
21.1 Esophageal Cancer
21.1.1 Introduction
21.1.2 Treatments and Complications
21.1.2.1 Endoscopic Resection
21.1.2.2 Surgery
21.1.2.3 Chemotherapy
21.1.2.4 Radiation Therapy (RT)
21.1.3 Physical Function and Rehabilitation
21.1.3.1 Skeletal Muscle Mass
21.1.3.2 Muscle Strength and Physical Performance
21.1.3.3 Exercise Capacity
21.1.3.4 Rehabilitation
Preoperative Period
Postoperative Period
During Chemotherapy and RT
21.1.4 Nutritional Status
21.1.4.1 Pretreatment Malnutrition
21.1.4.2 Postsurgery Malnutrition
21.1.4.3 Malnutrition During and After Radiotherapy
21.1.4.4 Malnutrition During Chemotherapy
21.1.4.5 Intervention
Pretreatment Intervention
Nutritional Interventions During CRT for Esophageal Cancer
Perioperative Nutritional Interventions
Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition
Oral Intake
21.1.5 Combined Therapy
21.2 Head and Neck Cancer
21.2.1 Introduction, Treatment, and Complications
21.2.2 Physical Function and Rehabilitation
21.2.2.1 Shoulder Dysfunction and Rehabilitation
21.2.2.2 Exercise Intervention During RT or CRT
21.2.3 Nutritional Status
21.2.3.1 Assessment
21.2.3.2 Intervention
Pretreatment Nutritional Intervention
Nutritional Intervention During Treatment
Swallowing Interventions
Oral Mucositis and Oral Care
Posttreatment Nutrition Support
References
Part IV: Skeletal Muscle
22: Skeletal Muscle Oxygenation in Patients with Malignant Hematopoietic Disease
22.1 Introduction
22.2 NIRS Measurements
22.2.1 Experimental Protocol in a Sterile Isolation Room
22.2.2 Experimental Protocol in a Physical Therapy Room
22.2.3 Creatine Kinase (CK) Activity
22.3 Comparison of the Muscle Oxidative Metabolism in Patients and Age-Matched Healthy Controls
22.4 Hematological Malignancy: Muscle Oxygen Saturation (StO2)
22.5 Relationship Between StO2 and Exercise Load in Patients with Hematological Malignancy
22.6 Hematological Malignancy Following Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation
22.7 Transplantation Protocol
22.8 Physical Therapy Intervention
22.9 Hematological Malignancy During Exercise Tolerance Test (Ramp Protocol)
22.10 Exercise Tolerance Test
22.11 Exercise Protocols
References
23: Sarcopenia and Physical Performance in Patients with Cancer
23.1 Introduction
23.1.1 What Is Sarcopenia?
23.1.2 Definition of Sarcopenia
23.1.3 Prevention of Sarcopenia
23.1.4 Treatment of Sarcopenia
23.2 Sarcopenia in Cancer
23.2.1 Epidemiology of Sarcopenia in Cancer
23.2.2 Impact of Sarcopenia on Clinical Outcomes in Cancer
23.2.3 Impact of Sarcopenia on Clinical Outcomes in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer
23.2.4 Disease Specificity
23.2.5 Prevention and Treatment of Sarcopenia in Cancer
23.2.6 Nutrition and Exercise Treatment for Advanced Cancer (NEXTAC) Program
23.2.7 Our Recent Activities
23.2.8 Future Perspectives
23.3 Conclusion
References
24: Cachexia and Postoperative Outcomes in Elderly Patients with Gastrointestinal Cancer
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Definitions and Classifications
24.3 Epidemiology
24.4 Treatment
24.4.1 Nutritional Interventions
24.4.1.1 Dietary Counseling
24.4.1.2 Parenteral Nutrition (PN) or Enteral Nutrition (EN)
24.4.1.3 Omega-3 Fatty Acids
24.4.1.4 Vitamins, Minerals, and Other Dietary Supplements
24.4.2 Pharmacological Interventions
24.4.2.1 Megestrol Acetate (MA) and Corticosteroids
24.4.2.2 Anamorelin
24.4.2.3 Enobosarm
24.4.2.4 Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
24.4.2.5 Other Pharmacologic Agents
24.4.3 Psychosocial Interventions
24.4.4 Multimodal Interventions
24.5 Impact of Cachexia on Patient Outcomes
24.6 Assessment of Cachexia
24.6.1 Nutritional Assessment
24.6.2 Muscle Mass and Strength
24.6.3 QOL and Psychosocial Assessment
24.6.4 Biomarkers
24.7 Research About Physical Therapy for Cachexia
24.8 Cachexia and Postoperative Outcomes
24.9 Conclusion
References
25: Mechanism of Skeletal Muscle Atrophy Using a Mice Cancer Cachexia Model
25.1 Relationship Between Cancer Cachexia and Skeletal Muscle Atrophy
25.2 Relationship Between Inflammatory Cytokines and Skeletal Muscle Atrophy in Cancer Cachexia Obtained from Autopsy Cases
25.3 Skeletal Muscle Atrophy and Energy Production in a Mouse Cancer Cachexia Model
25.4 Carbohydrate-Induced Nutritional Intervention and Skeletal Muscle Atrophy in Cancer-Bearing Mice
25.5 MCFA-Induced Nutritional Intervention and Skeletal Muscle Atrophy in Cancer-Bearing Mice
25.6 Vitamin B and Vitamin E Metabolism and Skeletal Muscle Atrophy in a Mouse Cancer Cachexia Model
25.7 Myocardial Damage Due to Cancer Cachexia
References