Imaging in Geriatrics

Description:

This book addresses in a structured and multidisciplinary way the medical issues related to aging, paying particular attention to the role of diagnostic imaging in the field of cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, respiratory, neurological, urogenital and gastrointestinal diseases.

The progressive increase of the average age of the population, of life expectancy and the improvement of the quality of life are common phenomena in many countries of the World.

Over the years, the management of older persons seems to have had an increasing impact both on the socio-economic and on the medical-health level. Medicine, in all its branches, has in fact focused more and more on the health conditions of the elderly patient and its protection and, in this context, due to the increasing progress in the field of technology and imaging methods, the radiologist occupies a front-line position.

Unlike the young or middle-aged patients, the elderly need special care and attention, especially because of the involutive-degenerative senile processes they have to face, which must be taken into account to avoid incurring into misdiagnosis.

Radiology, in fact, aims more and more at developing imaging techniques that are on the one hand satisfactory and comprehensive, but at the same time that do not represent any risk and/or obstacle for the elderly patient.

The aim of this book is to provide the radiologist, and not only, with an adequate and complete geriatric preparation, thus to improve the diagnostic-therapeutic management of those patients who, to date, constitute the most conspicuous part of the medical-health users.

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Table of contents :

Preface
Contents
1: Imaging Techniques in Geriatric Patients
1.1 Introduction: The Delicate Balance of Imaging in the Elderly
1.2 Imaging Modalities
References
2: Neurodegenerative Diseases in Geriatric Patients
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Neuroradiology and Its Role in Primary Neurodegeneration
2.3 Structured Reporting in Primary Neurodegeneration: Good Practice
2.4 Most Common Primary Neurodegenerative Disorders in Elderly and Neuroradiological Clues for Diagnosis
References
3: Neurovascular Emergencies in Geriatric Patients
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Ischemic Stroke
3.3 Nontraumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage
3.4 Traumatic Intra-axial Brain Injures (TBI)
3.5 Extra-axial Hemorrhages
3.6 Cerebral Venous Thrombosis
References
4: Head and Neck in Geriatric Patients
4.1 Ear
4.2 Nose
4.3 Skin Tumors
4.4 Tumors of the Oral Cavity
4.5 Salivary Gland Tumors
4.6 Osteonecrosis
References
5: Heart Diseases in Geriatric Patients
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Coronary Artery Disease
5.3 Heart Failure
5.4 Valvular Heart Diseases
5.5 Conclusion
References
6: Vascular Diseases in Geriatric Patients
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Physiological Vascular Changes in Geriatric Population
6.2.1 Peripheral Artery Disease
6.3 Clinical Features
6.4 Clinical Diagnosis
6.5 Imaging
6.6 Features of Vulnerability of the Atherosclerotic Plaque
6.7 Treatment
6.8 Diagnosis
6.9 Treatment
References
7: Airway Diseases in Geriatric Patients
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Imaging Techniques
7.3 Normal Aging
7.4 Pathological Conditions
7.5 Conclusions
References
8: Neoplastic Diseases of the Respiratory System in Geriatric Patients
8.1 Epidemiology
8.2 Lung Cancer: Role of the Chest X-Ray
8.3 Role of CT in the Diagnosis of Lung Cancer in Older Patients
8.4 Chest Characteristics in the Elderly Patient: Possible Difficulties and Overlapping of Diagnoses
8.5 Early Detection of Lung Cancer and Mortality Reduction with Low-Dose CT (LDCT)
8.6 Therapy Response Evaluation in Lung Cancer Imaging
References
9: The Gastrointestinal System in Geriatric Patients
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Esophagus
9.3 Stomach and Duodenum
9.4 Small Bowel
9.5 Large Bowel
9.6 Abdominal Emergencies in Geriatric Patients
References
10: The Male Urogenital System in Geriatric Patients
10.1 Morphologic Alterations in the Kidney of an Elderly Patient
10.2 Nephrosclerosis
10.3 Renovascular Disease
10.4 Renal Infarction
10.5 Atheroembolic Renal Disease
10.6 Renal Vein Thrombosis
10.7 Renal Failure
10.8 Obstructive Uropathy
10.9 Renal Infections
10.10 Neoplastic Pathologies
10.11 Prostate
References
11: The Female Urogenital System in Geriatric Patients
11.1 Techniques of Imaging and Normal Anatomy
11.2 Ovaries
11.3 Uterus and Cervix
11.4 Vagina and Vulva
11.5 Vulva
11.6 Pelvic Organ Prolapse
References
12: Osteoarthritis in Axial Skeleton in Geriatric Patients
12.1 Degenerative Pathology
12.2 Functional Spinal Unit
12.3 A Focus on Imaging Techniques and Their Role in the Assessment of the Degenerative Spine
References
13: Osteoarthritis in Appendicular Skeleton in Geriatric Patients
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Shoulder Osteoarthritis
13.3 Acromioclavicular Osteoarthritis
13.4 Hand Osteoarthritis
13.5 Knee Osteoarthritis
13.5.1 Conventional Radiography (CR)
13.5.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
13.6 Hip Osteoarthritis
13.6.1 Conventional Radiography (CR)
13.6.2 Computed Tomography (CT)
13.6.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
13.7 Foot and Ankle Osteoarthritis
13.8 Interventional Radiology in Osteoarthritis
References
14: Metabolic Bone Disease in Geriatric Patients
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Changes in Bone with Aging
14.2.1 Menopause
14.2.2 Calcitriol
14.3 Interaction Among Bone, Muscle, and Fat
14.4 Bone as Endocrine Organ
14.5 Consequences of the Changes in Bone with Aging
14.5.1 Fragility Fractures
14.5.2 Frailty
14.6 Diagnosis of Metabolic Bone Disease Applied to the Elderly
14.6.1 Radiography
14.6.2 Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA)
14.6.3 Quantitative Ultrasound (QUS)
14.6.4 Computed Tomography (CT)
14.6.5 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
14.7 Conclusion
References
15: Body Composition in Geriatric Patients
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Changes in Body Composition with Aging
15.3 Analysis of Body Composition Changes
15.3.1 Fat
15.3.1.1 Causes for the Increase of Intraabdominal Fat with Aging
15.3.1.2 The Metabolic Consequences of the Intraabdominal Accumulation of Fat
15.3.1.3 Fat as an Endocrine Organ
15.3.1.4 Fat Mass and Its Effects on Mobility and Mortality
15.3.2 Skeletal Muscle
15.3.2.1 Causes for the Decrease of Muscle Mass with Aging
Vitamin D
15.3.2.2 The Metabolic Consequences of the Decrease of Muscle Mass
15.3.2.3 Skeletal Muscle as an Endocrine Organ
15.3.2.4 Lean Mass and Its Effects on Mobility and Mortality
15.4 Imaging of Body Composition in the Elderly
15.4.1 Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA)
15.4.2 Ultrasound
15.4.3 Computed Tomography (CT)
15.4.4 Magnetic Resonance (MR)
15.5 Conclusion
References
16: Myeloid and Lymphoid Disorders in Geriatric Patients
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Myeloid Disorders
16.2.1 Myeloproliferative Neoplasms (MPNs)
16.2.2 Imaging Findings
16.2.2.1 Skeletal Findings
16.2.2.2 Solid Lesions
16.2.2.3 Thrombosis
16.3 Lymphoid Disorders
16.3.1 Lymphomas
16.3.1.1 Chest X-Ray (CXR)
16.3.1.2 CT
16.3.2 Lymphoma Staging: Lugano Classification
16.3.2.1 Whole-Body Magnetic Resonance Imaging (WB-MRI)
16.3.3 Multiple Myeloma
16.3.3.1 Conventional Radiography
16.3.3.2 CT
16.3.3.3 PET/CT
16.3.3.4 MRI
16.4 Conclusions
References
17: The Role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the Management of Geriatric Patients
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Application of Artificial Intelligence in Geriatric Patients
17.2.1 Neurological Disorders
17.2.2 Lung and Cardiovascular Diseases
17.2.3 Abdomen
17.2.4 Prostate
17.2.5 Musculoskeletal
17.3 Conclusion
References