Clinical Atlas of Small Animal Cytology and Hematology, Second Edition

Preface

The Clinical Atlas of Small Animal Cytology and Hematology returns, with brand new hematology chapters and fully updated cytology sections. More comprehensive than ever, the mission of this textbook remains unchanged: to empower veterinary medical professionals with increased knowledge and confidence in cytology and hematology through exceptional images, a guided approach to interpretation, and succinct yet thorough supporting text.

Images form the keystone of this atlas, and this extensive collection is unparalleled for the size, clarity, completeness, and representative nature of the photomicrographs. The images have been carefully curated to mimic the experience of microscopy and highlight the important diagnostic features that lead to the confident interpretation of samples. The power of these uniquely large images is perhaps best highlighted in the new hematology chapters, where they readily showcase the frequently small cells, infectious agents, and inclusions present in the blood.

Multiple examples of common conditions are provided to highlight the exciting (though often challenging) variations that may be encountered in practice. Additionally, images of different cells that may be confused with each other have been thoughtfully arranged for easy side-byside comparison. Photomicrographs are accompanied by detailed descriptions, figure legends and annotated with arrows when needed to guide readers through the diagnostic process and ensure all important elements of samples are appreciated. Chapter 2 provides a guided approach to the interpretation of cytology samples, including cell types, criteria of malignancy, and common artifacts. This atlas contains only images of conditions where the diagnosis was confirmed by histopathology, special stains, infectious disease testing, pathognomonic cytologic features, or other confirmatory tests. All samples are stained with Romanowsky stains unless otherwise specified.

An in-depth hematology section is an exciting new addition to this textbook. Chapter 16 provides detailed instructions to prepare and stain high-quality blood smears, and a step-by-step guide that can be used at the microscope for a complete evaluation of the smear. Common hematology procedures are also described, with easy-to-follow instructions. Subsequent chapters in the hematology section provide a comprehensive catalog of cells, inclusions, infectious agents, and other components seen in blood, both common and rare, accompanied by interpretive guides, helpful hints, and fully referenced text.

The cytology chapters have been fully revised, and all contain new conditions and images. A new chapter detailing sample acquisition, preparation, and staining opens the textbook to help ensure the creation of the highest quality samples – important for viewing in-house, with point-ofcare analyzers, or submission to the laboratory. Our knowledge of the complex world of pathology is constantly changing, and this edition has been critically referenced with the most current, relevant, and scientifically robust studies to aide in optimal, evidence-based decision-making. This edition retains the popular easy-to-read bullet point format, which increases efficiency without compromising the completeness or scientific rigor of the information.

From practitioners to pathologists, trainees to technicians, and every professional that makes veterinary medicine great, may the Clinical Atlas of Small Animal Cytology and Hematology be a powerful resource to help in our collective endeavor for the best possible patient care.

Table of contents :

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication Page
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1 Cytology Sampling and Preparation
1.1 Cytology
1.2 Sample Collection and Preparation
1.2.1 Selecting Lesions for Cytology
1.2.2 Preparing the Site
1.2.3 Sampling Techniques and Slide Preparation
1.3 Sample Staining
1.3.1 Rapid Romanowsky-type Stains
1.3.2 Stain Care and Quality Assurance
1.4 Sample Handling and Storage
References
Chapter 2 Cytologic Analysis of Cells
2.1 Approach to Cytology Samples
2.2 Sample Quality and Background
2.2.1 Artifacts and Incidental Findings
2.3 Cell Types
2.3.1 Inflammatory Cells
2.3.2 Tissue Cells
2.4 Cell Shape, Distribution, and Features
2.4.1 Epithelial Cells
2.4.2 Mesenchymal Cells
2.4.3 Round Cells
2.5 Benign Versus Malignant
2.5.1 Mitotic Figures
References
Chapter 3 Infectious Agents
3.1 Fungi
3.1.1 Cryptococcus
3.1.2 Histoplasma capsulatum
3.1.3 Sporothrix spp.
3.1.4 Dermatophytes
3.1.5 Blastomyces dermatitidis
3.1.6 Coccidioides
3.1.7 Candida
3.1.8 Pneumocystis
3.1.9 Malassezia
3.1.10 Cyniclomyces
3.1.11 Penicillium spp.
3.1.12 Aspergillus
3.1.13 Phaeohyphomycosis
3.2 Oomycetes
3.2.1 Pythium insidiosum
3.3 Algae
3.3.1 Prototheca
3.3.2 Diatoms
3.4 Mesomycetozoea
3.4.1 Rhinosporidium seeberi
3.5 Protozoa
3.5.1 Neospora caninum
3.5.2 Toxoplasma gondii
3.5.3 Leishmania
3.5.4 Cytauxzoon felis
3.5.5 Giardia
3.5.6 Trichomoniasis
3.5.7 Blastocystis
3.5.8 Cryptosporidium
3.5.9 Hepatozoon spp.
3.6 Helminths
3.6.1 Mesocestoides
3.6.2 Filaroides hirthi
3.6.3 Aelurostrongylus abstrusus
3.6.4 Dracunculus
3.6.5 Paragonimus
3.7 Bacteria
3.7.1 Mycobacteria
3.7.2 Actinomyces/Nocardia
3.7.3 Bordetella bronchiseptica
3.7.4 Rickettsial Bacteria
3.7.5 Clostridium spp.
3.7.6 Campylobacter spp.
3.7.7 Helicobacter spp.
3.7.8 Simonsiella-like Bacteria
3.8 Ectoparasites
3.8.1 Myiasis
3.8.2 Demodex spp.
3.8.3 Sarcoptes scabiei
3.8.4 Otodectes cynotis
References
Chapter 4 Integument
4.1 Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Lesions
4.1.1 Mast Cell Tumor: Dog
4.1.2 Mast Cell Tumor: Cat
4.1.3 Histiocytoma
4.1.4 Histiocytic Sarcoma
4.1.5 Cutaneous Lymphoma
4.1.6 Merkel Cell Carcinoma
4.1.7 Cutaneous Extramedullary Plasmacytoma
4.1.8 Transmissible Venereal Tumor (TVT)
4.1.9 Melanomas
4.1.10 Benign Melanoma (Melanocytoma)
4.1.11 Malignant Melanoma
4.1.12 Infundibular/Epidermal Cysts
4.1.13 Cutaneous Basilar Epithelial Neoplasia
4.1.14 Basal Cell Carcinoma
4.1.15 Sweat Gland Adenomas
4.1.16 Sweat Gland Adenocarcinomas
4.1.17 Sebaceous Adenoma
4.1.18 Sebaceous Epithelioma
4.1.19 Sebaceous Carcinoma
4.1.20 Cutaneous Metastatic Carcinoma
4.1.21 Squamous Papilloma
4.1.22 Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)
4.1.23 Perianal Gland Adenoma
4.1.24 Perianal Gland Adenocarcinoma
4.1.25 Anal Sac Apocrine Gland Adenocarcinoma
4.1.26 Clear Cell Adnexal Carcinoma
4.1.27 Reactive Fibroplasia
4.1.28 Fibroma
4.1.29 Fibrosarcoma
4.1.30 Keloidal Fibroma/Fibrosarcoma
4.1.31 Soft-tissue Sarcoma
4.1.32 Hemangioma
4.1.33 Hemangiosarcoma (Cutaneous)
4.1.34 Myxoma
4.1.35 Myxosarcoma
4.1.36 Anaplastic Sarcoma with Giant Cells
4.1.37 Lipoma
4.1.38 Liposarcoma
4.1.39 Xanthoma
4.1.40 Reactive Fibrohistiocytic Nodule
4.1.41 Canine Sterile Nodular Panniculitis
4.1.42 Panniculitis/Steatitis
4.1.43 Granulomatous/Pyogranulomatous Inflammation
4.1.44 Vaccination Reaction
4.1.45 Abscess
4.1.46 Seroma/Hygroma
4.1.47 Calcinosis Circumscripta
4.1.48 Calcinosis Cutis
4.1.49 Hypersensitivity Reaction
4.1.50 Eosinophilic Granuloma/Inflammatory Disease
4.1.51 Pemphigus Foliaceus
References
Chapter 5 Hemolymphatic
5.1 Lymph Nodes
5.1.1 Normal
5.1.2 Reactive Lymphoid Hyperplasia
5.1.3 Neutrophilic Lymphadenitis
5.1.4 Eosinophilic Lymphadenitis
5.1.5 Infectious Organisms
5.1.6 Salmon Poisoning Disease
5.1.7 Lymphoma (Large-cell)
5.1.8 Lymphoma (Small-cell)
5.1.9 Specific Lymphoma Types
5.1.10 Lymphoma (Lymphoblastic)
5.1.11 Lymphoma (Mott Cell Differentiation)
5.1.12 Lymphoma (Hodgkin’s-like)
5.1.13 Leukemia
5.1.14 Metastatic Disease
5.2 Spleen
5.2.1 Normal
5.2.2 Hyperplasia
5.2.3 Extramedullary Hematopoiesis
5.2.4 Myelolipoma
5.2.5 Hemangiosarcoma
5.2.6 Lymphoma (Large-cell)
5.2.7 Lymphoma (Marginal Zone)
5.2.8 Lymphoma (Hepatosplenic)
5.2.9 Acute Leukemias
5.2.10 Lymphoma (Small-cell)/Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
5.2.11 Multiple Myeloma
5.2.12 Histiocytic Sarcoma
5.2.13 Hemophagocytic Histiocytic Sarcoma
5.2.14 Feline Visceral Mast Cell Neoplasia
5.2.15 Metastatic Disease
5.2.16 Amyloid
5.2.17 Hemophagocytic Syndrome
5.2.18 Infectious Organisms
5.3 Thymus
5.3.1 Thymoma
5.3.2 Thymic Carcinoma
5.3.3 Thymic (Mediastinal) Lymphoma
5.3.4 Thymic Branchial Cyst
5.4 Bone Marrow
5.4.1 Normal
5.4.2 Acute Myeloid Leukemia
5.4.3 Acute Granulocytic/Monocytic Leukemia
5.4.4 Acute Erythroid Leukemia
5.4.5 Acute Megakaryoblastic Leukemia
5.4.6 Acute Lymphoid Leukemia
5.4.7 Lymphoma (Large-cell)
5.4.8 Granulocytic Hyperplasia
5.4.9 Erythroid Hyperplasia
5.4.10 Hemophagocytosis
5.4.11 Hemophagocytic Histiocytic Sarcoma
5.4.12 Histiocytic Sarcoma
5.4.13 Inflammation/Infection
5.4.14 Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
5.4.15 Multiple Myeloma
5.4.16 Metastatic Disease
5.4.17 Marrow Hypoplasia/Aplasia
References
Chapter 6 Body Cavity Fluids
6.1 General Classification
6.1.1 Low Protein Transudate
6.1.2 High Protein Transudate
6.1.3 Exudate
6.1.4 Exudate: Septic
6.1.5 Exudate: Sterile (Neutrophilic)
6.1.6 Exudate: Sterile (Eosinophilic)
6.1.7 Exudate: High Protein
6.2 Specific Effusions
6.2.1 Bile Peritonitis
6.2.2 White Bile Peritonitis
6.2.3 Chylous Effusion
6.2.4 Lymphocyte-rich Effusion
6.2.5 Uroabdomen
6.2.6 Hemorrhagic Effusion
6.2.7 Reactive Mesothelial Hyperplasia
6.2.8 Neoplastic Effusion: Mesothelioma
6.2.9 Neoplastic Effusion: Carcinoma
6.2.10 Neoplastic Effusion: Lymphoma
6.2.11 Neoplastic Effusion: Histiocytic Sarcoma
6.2.12 Neoplastic Effusion: Mast Cell Neoplasia
References
Chapter 7 Musculoskeletal
7.1 Bone
7.1.1 Osteoma
7.1.2 Osteosarcoma
7.1.3 Chondrosarcoma
7.1.4 Multilobular Osteochondrosarcoma
7.1.5 Hemangiosarcoma
7.1.6 Fibrosarcoma
7.1.7 Histiocytic Sarcoma
7.1.8 Multiple Myeloma
7.1.9 Metastatic Neoplasia to Bone
7.1.10 Osteomyelitis
7.2 Joints
7.2.1 Normal Synovial Fluid
7.2.2 Mononuclear Reactivity/Inflammation
7.2.3 Neutrophilic Inflammation (Bacterial Sepsis)
7.2.4 Neutrophilic Inflammation (Rickettsial Sepsis)
7.2.5 Neutrophilic Inflammation (Noninfectious)
7.2.6 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
7.2.7 Metastatic Neoplasia
7.2.8 Hemarthrosis
7.2.9 Synovial Cyst
7.2.10 Synovial Cell Sarcoma
7.2.11 Histiocytic Sarcoma (Periarticular)
7.3 Muscle
7.3.1 Rhabdomyoma
7.3.2 Rhabdomyosarcoma
7.3.3 Leiomyoma
7.3.4 Leiomyosarcoma
References
Chapter 8 Hepatobiliary
8.1 Liver
8.1.1 Normal Hepatocytes
8.1.2 Vacuolar Hepatopathy (Non-lipid)
8.1.3 Vacuolar Hepatopathy (Lipid)
8.1.4 Nodular Hyperplasia
8.1.5 Hepatoma
8.1.6 Hepatocellular Carcinomas
8.1.7 Hepatocellular Carcinoma (Well-differentiated)
8.1.8 Hepatocellular Carcinoma (High-grade)
8.1.9 Carcinoid (Hepatic)
8.1.10 Metastatic Neoplasia
8.1.11 Lymphoma (Large-cell)
8.1.12 Lymphoma (Small-cell)/Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
8.1.13 Inflammation: Lymphoplasmacytic
8.1.14 Inflammation: Neutrophilic
8.1.15 Lipofuscin Pigment
8.1.16 Cholestasis/Bilirubin Pigment
8.1.17 Hemosiderin Pigment
8.1.18 Copper Accumulation
8.1.19 Amyloid
8.2 Biliary Tract
8.2.1 Biliary Hyperplasia
8.2.2 Bile Duct Adenoma/Biliary Cystadenoma
8.2.3 Bile Duct Carcinoma (Cholangiocarcinoma)
8.2.4 Cholecystitis
References
Chapter 9 Digestive System
9.1 Salivary Glands
9.1.1 Salivary Gland (Normal)
9.1.2 Salivary Gland Adenoma
9.1.3 Salivary Gland Adenocarcinoma
9.1.4 Sialocele (Salivary Mucocele)
9.1.5 Sialadenitis
9.2 Stomach/Intestines
9.2.1 Inflammation
9.2.2 Lymphoma (Small-cell)
9.2.3 Lymphoma (Large-cell)
9.2.4 Plasmacytoma
9.2.5 Mast Cell Neoplasia
9.2.6 Adenoma/Polyp
9.2.7 Adenocarcinoma
9.2.8 Carcinoid (Intestinal)
9.2.9 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor
9.2.10 Leiomyosarcoma
9.2.11 Feline Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Sclerosing Fibroplasia
9.3 Feces
9.3.1 Normal
9.3.2 Inflammation/Infection
9.3.3 Parasite Ova: Roundworm
9.3.4 Parasite Ova: Hookworm
9.3.5 Parasite Ova: Whipworm
9.3.6 Parasite Ova: Tapeworm
9.3.7 Parasite Ova: Coccidia
9.4 Pancreas
9.4.1 Pancreatic Nodular Hyperplasia
9.4.2 Pancreatic Adenoma
9.4.3 Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: Well-differentiated
9.4.4 Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: Poorly Differentiated
9.4.5 Insulinoma (Pancreatic Beta Islet Cell Tumors)
9.4.6 Gastrinoma
9.4.7 Non-epithelial Neoplasia
9.4.8 Pancreatitis
9.4.9 Pancreatic Abscess
9.4.10 Pancreatic Cyst
References
Chapter 10 Urinary
10.1 Kidney
10.1.1 Normal
10.1.2 Pyelonephritis
10.1.3 Renal Carcinomas
10.1.4 Nephroblastoma
10.1.5 Lymphoma
10.1.6 Renal Sarcomas
10.1.7 Renal Cysts
10.2 Bladder
10.2.1 Hyperplastic Epithelium
10.2.2 Papilloma/Polyp
10.2.3 Transitional Cell Carcinoma
10.2.4 Lymphoma
10.2.5 Other Neoplasms
10.3 Urine
10.3.1 Normal/Hyperplastic Epithelium
10.3.2 Neoplastic Epithelium
10.3.3 Inflammation/Infection
10.3.4 Capillaria plica
10.4 Urinary Crystals
10.4.1 Struvite
10.4.2 Calcium Oxalate Dihydrate
10.4.3 Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate
10.4.4 Ammonium Urate
10.4.5 Uric Acid
10.4.6 Cystine
10.4.7 Bilirubin
10.5 Urinary Casts
10.5.1 Hyaline
10.5.2 Granular
10.5.3 Waxy
10.5.4 Cellular
10.5.5 Fatty
References
Chapter 11 Respiratory
11.1 Nasal Cavity
11.1.1 Inflammation (Septic)
11.1.2 Inflammation: Lymphoplasmacytic Rhinitis
11.1.3 Extramedullary Plasmacytoma
11.1.4 Normal/Hyperplastic Epithelium
11.1.5 Nasal Adenocarcinoma
11.1.6 Nasal Lymphoma
11.1.7 Squamous Cell Carcinoma
11.1.8 Chondrosarcoma
11.1.9 Fibrosarcoma
11.1.10 Other Neoplasms
11.2 Lung
11.2.1 Hyperplastic Epithelium
11.2.2 Carcinoma (Bronchoalveolar and Adenocarcinoma)
11.2.3 Squamous Cell Carcinoma
11.2.4 Histiocytic Sarcoma
11.2.5 Inflammation/Infection
11.3 Bronchoalveolar Lavage/Transtracheal Wash
11.3.1 Normal/Hyperplastic Airway Epithelium
11.3.2 Oropharyngeal Contamination
11.3.3 Mucus and Curschmanns Spirals
11.3.4 Inflammation (Neutrophilic)
11.3.5 Infectious Agents
11.3.6 Inflammation (Eosinophilic)
11.3.7 Inflammation (Mononuclear)
11.3.8 Inflammation (Lymphocytic)
11.3.9 Hemorrhage
11.3.10 Foreign Material
11.3.11 Neoplasia
References
Chapter 12 Endocrine
12.1 Thyroid
12.1.1 Thyroid Adenoma
12.1.2 Thyroid Adenocarcinoma
12.1.3 Thyroid C Cell (Medullary) Carcinoma
12.2 Parathyroid
12.2.1 Parathyroid Adenoma
12.2.2 Parathyroid Carcinoma
12.3 Chemoreceptor Tumors
12.3.1 Chemodectomas
12.4 Adrenal Gland
12.4.1 Adrenocortical Adenoma
12.4.2 Adrenocortical Carcinoma
12.4.3 Pheochromocytoma
12.5 Pituitary Gland
12.5.1 Pituitary Carcinoma
References
Chapter 13 Reproductive
Male
13.1 Testes
13.1.1 Normal Testicle
13.1.2 Seminoma
13.1.3 Sertoli Cell Tumor
13.1.4 Interstitial Cell Tumor (Leydig Cell Tumor)
13.1.5 Orchitis
13.2 SemenAnalysis
13.2.1 Sperm Morphology
13.3 Prostate
13.3.1 Prostatic Hyperplasia
13.3.2 Prostatic Adenocarcinoma
13.3.3 Prostatic Urothelial Carcinoma
13.3.4 Prostate: Squamous Metaplasia
13.3.5 Prostatic Cyst
13.3.6 Septic Prostatitis
13.4 Penis
Female
13.5 Ovary
13.5.1 Dysgerminoma
13.5.2 Granulosa Cell Tumor
13.5.3 Ovarian Adenoma
13.5.4 Ovarian Adenocarcinoma
13.5.5 Teratoma
13.6 MammaryGlands
13.6.1 Benign Mammary Tumors
13.6.2 Malignant Mammary Tumors
13.6.3 Complex/Mixed Mammary Gland Tumors
13.6.4 Mastitis
13.7 VaginalCytology
13.7.1 Anestrus
13.7.2 Proestrus
13.7.3 Estrus
13.7.4 Diestrus
13.7.5 Vaginitis/Metritis
13.7.6 Neoplasia
13.7.7 Clitoral Adenocarcinoma
References
Chapter 14 Neurologic
14.1 Brain
14.1.1 Meningioma
14.1.2 Astrocytoma
14.1.3 Oligodendroglioma
14.1.4 Lymphoma
14.1.5 Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors
14.1.6 Histiocytic Sarcoma
14.1.7 Choroid Plexus Papilloma
14.1.8 Choroid Plexus Carcinoma
14.1.9 Ependymoma
14.1.10 Encephalitis
14.2 Cerebrospinal Fluid
14.2.1 Normal CSF
14.2.2 Intervertebral Disc Material
14.2.3 Myelin-like Material
14.2.4 Surface Epithelial Cells
14.2.5 Neutrophilic Inflammation
14.2.6 Eosinophilic Inflammation
14.2.7 Lymphocytic Inflammation
14.2.8 Mononuclear Inflammation
14.2.9 Mononuclear Reactivity
14.2.10 Mixed Inflammation
14.2.11 Hemorrhage
14.2.12 Granulomatous Meningoencephalitis
14.2.13 Feline Infectious Peritonitis
14.2.14 Septic Meningitis
14.2.15 Lymphoma
14.2.16 Histiocytic Sarcoma
14.2.17 Choroid Plexus Carcinoma
14.2.18 Mast Cell Neoplasia
14.3 Spinal Cord
14.3.1 Spinal Cord Nephroblastoma
14.3.2 Nerve-sheath Tumor
14.3.3 Other Neoplasms
References
Chapter 15 Ocular and Special Senses
15.1 Eyes: Cornea
15.1.1 Normal Epithelium
15.1.2 Epithelial Hyperplasia/Dysplasia
15.1.3 Squamous Cell Carcinoma
15.1.4 Bacterial Keratitis
15.1.5 Fungal Keratitis
15.1.6 Eosinophilic Keratitis
15.1.7 Chronic Superficial Keratitis
15.1.8 Pigmentary Keratitis
15.2 Eyes: Conjunctiva
15.2.1 Inflammation
15.2.2 Mastocytic conjunctivitis
15.2.3 Neoplasia
15.2.4 Conjunctival Lymphoma
15.3 Ears
15.3.1 Ceruminous Gland Adenoma
15.3.2 Ceruminous Gland Adenocarcinoma
15.3.3 Otitis Externa (Bacterial)
15.3.4 Otitis Externa (Fungal)
15.3.5 Otitis Externa (Parasitic)
References
Chapter 16 Blood Smear Preparation and Evaluation
16.1 The Importance of Blood Smear Evaluation
16.2 Making a Blood Smear
16.3 Blood Smear Staining and Handling
16.3.1 Rapid Romanowsky-type Stains
16.3.2 New Methylene Blue
16.3.3 Stain Care and Quality Assurance
16.3.4 Slide Handling
16.4 Blood Smear Evaluation
16.4.1 Approach to Blood Smear Evaluation
16.4.2 Important Considerations
16.5 Hematology Procedures and Techniques
16.5.1 Saline Agglutination Test
16.5.2 Buffy Coat
References
Chapter 17 Erythrocytes
17.1 Approach to Evaluating Red Blood Cells
17.2 Red Blood Cell Distribution
17.2.1 Anemia
17.2.2 Erythrocytosis
17.2.3 Agglutination
17.2.4 Rouleaux Formation
17.3 Red Blood Cell Morphology
17.3.1 Normal Erythrocytes
17.3.2 Polychromatophils and Reticulocytes
17.3.3 Nucleated Red Blood Cells
17.3.4 Hypochromatophils
17.3.5 Anisocytosis
17.3.6 Poikilocytes
17.3.7 Spherocytes
17.3.8 Echinocytes
17.3.9 Acanthocytes
17.3.10 Schistocytes
17.3.11 Keratocytes and Blister Cells
17.3.12 Eccentrocytes
17.3.13 Pyknocytes
17.3.14 Elliptocytes (Ovalocytes)
17.3.15 Codocytes (Target Cells)
17.3.16 Dacryocytes
17.3.17 Stomatocytes
17.3.18 Ghost Cells
17.3.19 Torocytes
17.3.20 Hemoglobin crystals
17.4 Red Blood Cell Inclusions
17.4.1 Basophilic Stippling
17.4.2 Siderotic Inclusions
17.4.3 Heinz Bodies
17.4.4 Howell-Jolly Bodies
17.4.5 Red Blood Cell Artifacts
17.5 Red Blood Cell Neoplasia
17.5.1 Primary Erythrocytosis
17.5.2 Erythroleukemia
17.6 Red Blood Cell Infectious Agents
17.6.1 Mycoplasma spp.
17.6.2 Distemper
17.6.3 Cytauxzoon felis
17.6.4 Babesia spp.
References
Chapter 18 Leukocytes
18.1 Approach to Evaluating Leukocytes
18.2 Neutrophils
18.2.1 Normal Neutrophils
18.2.2 Hypersegmented Neutrophils
18.2.3 Immature Neutrophils
18.2.4 Pelger-Huët Anomaly
18.2.5 Toxic Neutrophils
18.3 Neutrophil Inclusions
18.3.1 Lysosomal Storage Disease
18.3.2 Neutrophil Granules in Cats
18.3.3 Mast Cell Granules
18.3.4 Sideroleukocytes
18.3.5 Green-blue Neutrophil Inclusions
18.3.6 May-Hegglin Anomaly
18.4 Eosinophils
18.4.1 Normal Eosinophils
18.4.2 Gray Eosinophils
18.5 Basophils
18.5.1 Normal Basophils
18.6 Mast Cells
18.6.1 Mast Cells
18.7 Monocytes
18.7.1 Normal Monocytes
18.7.2 Reactive Monocytes
18.8 Lymphocytes
18.8.1 Normal Lymphocytes
18.8.2 Reactive Lymphocytes
18.8.3 Granular Lymphocytes
18.9 Leukocyte Neoplasia
18.9.1 Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
18.9.2 Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
18.9.3 Large Cell Lymphomas
18.9.4 Acute Myeloid Leukemias
18.9.5 Chronic Myeloid Leukemias
18.10 Leukocyte Infectious Agents
18.10.1 Bacteria
18.10.2 Viral Inclusions
18.10.3 Fungi
18.10.4 Protozoa
References
Chapter 19 Platelets
19.1 Approach to Evaluating Platelets
19.2 Platelet Distribution
19.2.1 Platelet Clumping
19.2.2 Thrombocytopenia
19.2.3 Thrombocytosis
19.3 Platelet Morphology
19.3.1 Normal Platelets
19.3.2 Macroplatelets
19.3.3 Activated Platelets
19.3.4 Hypogranular Platelets
19.3.5 Vacuolated Platelets
19.4 Platelet Neoplasia
19.4.1 Primary Thrombocytosis
19.4.2 Acute Megakaryoblastic Leukemia
19.5 Platelet Infectious Agents
19.5.1 Anaplasma platys
References
Chapter 20 Background Features and Miscellaneous Cells
20.1 Approach to Blood Smear Background Features
20.2 Acellular Elements
20.2.1 Stain Precipitation
20.2.2 Cryoglobulin
20.3 Miscellaneous Cells
20.3.1 Megakaryocytes
20.3.2 Macrophages
20.3.3 Plasma Cells
20.3.4 Apoptotic Cells
20.3.5 Ruptured Cells
20.3.6 Mitotic Cells
20.4 Infectious Agents
20.4.1 Microfilariae
20.4.2 Bacteria
20.4.3 Protozoa
References
Index
EULA