Atlas of Small Animal Diagnostic Imaging

Description:

ATLAS OF Small Animal Diagnostic Imaging

Comprehensive and up-to-date resource on the interpretation of diagnostic images in small animals using survey radiographs and other modalities

Atlas of Small Animal Diagnostic Imaging provides a comprehensive, multimodality atlas of small animal diagnostic imaging, with high-quality images depicting radiography, scintigraphy, ultrasonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging.

Taking a traditional body systems approach, the book offers an image-intensive resource to survey radiographs with some other imaging modalities being used to emphasize interpretation of survey radiographs. The Atlas offers clinically relevant information for small animal practitioners and students.

Each body structure is thoroughly covered and well-illustrated, with discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of each modality in various scenarios.

Edited by three experienced radiographers, The Atlas of Small Animal Diagnostic Imaging contains information on:

• Basics of diagnostic imaging, physics of diagnostic imaging, CT and MRI physics, US physics, and nuclear medicine physics
• Musculoskeletal normal anatomic variants, developmental orthopedic disease, joint disease, fracture and fracture healing, aggressive bone disease, and head and spine imaging
• Thorax anatomy, variants, and interpretation paradigm, extrathoracic structures, pleural space, pulmonary parenchyma, and mediastinum
• Abdomen anatomy, variants, and interpretation paradigm, extra-abdominal and body wall, peritoneal and retroperitoneal, liver and biliary, and spleen

With its expansive coverage of the subject and hundreds of high-quality images to aid in efficient and seamless reader comprehension, Atlas of Small Animal Diagnostic Imaging is an invaluable and must-have resource for small animal practitioners, veterinary students, veterinary radiologists, and specialists in a number of areas.

Table of contents :

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Contributors
Acknowledgments
Preface
About the Companion Website
Section I Introduction and Physics
CHAPTER ONE The Science, Art, and Philosophy of Radiographic Interpretation
Introduction
Why Radiographs?
Imaging Findings as Tests
Describing Abnormalities: Roentgen Signs
General Interpretation Concepts
Organizing Information/Abnormalities
Pitfalls of Interpretation
Framing Bias
Confirmation Bias
Satisfaction of Search
Availability Bias
Inattention Bias
Conclusion
References
CHAPTER TWO Physics of Diagnostic Imaging
Overview: Uses and Advantages
Basics of X-Ray Interaction in Matter
Coherent Scattering (Figure 2.4)
Photoelectric Effect (Figure 2.5)
Compton Scattering (Figure 2.6)
Radiation Safety
Digital Radiography
Limitations
References
CHAPTER THREE Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Overview
Computed Tomography
Overview: Uses and Advantages
Contrast
Basic Physics
MPR Reconstructions and 3D Renderings
Gated Studies
Safety
Limitations
PET-CT
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Overview
Basic Principles
Image Formation
Safety
References
CHAPTER FOUR Ultrasonography
Overview: Uses and Advantages
Basic Physics and Principles of Ultrasound in Diagnostic Imaging
Interaction of Sound Waves in the Tissues
Transducer Elements and Characteristics
Image Formation
Artifacts
Doppler Ultrasound
Ultrasound-Specific Contrast Agents
Ultrasound Safety
Further Reading
CHAPTER FIVE Nuclear Scintigraphy
Overview
Basic Physics
Uses and Advantages
Safety
Limitations
Positron Emission Tomography
References
Section II Musculoskeletal
CHAPTER SIX Anatomy, Variants, and Interpretation Paradigm
Overview
Appendicular Skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton: Basic Radiography Principles and Anatomy
Appendicular Skeleton: Advanced Imaging
Appendicular Skeleton: Anatomic Variants or Easily Confused Anatomy
Head
Head: Basic Radiography Principles and Anatomy
Head: Advanced Imaging
Head: Anatomic Variants or Easily Confused Anatomy
Axial Skeleton
Axial Skeleton: Basic Radiography Principles
Vertebral Development and Normal Anatomy
Axial Skeleton: Advanced Imaging
Axial Skeleton: Anatomic Variants or Easily Confused Anatomy
References
CHAPTER SEVEN Developmental Orthopedic Disease
Introduction
Dysplasia
Hip Dysplasia
Elbow Dysplasia
Temporomandibular Joint Dysplasia
Osteochondrosis
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Radiographic Assessment and Indicators
Miscellaneous Diseases
Panosteitis
Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy (Metaphyseal Dysplasia)
Retained Cartilage Core
Angular Limb Deformities Secondary to Premature Closure of the Physis
Physeal Fractures
Incomplete Ossification of the Humeral Condyle and Humeral Condylar Fractures
Ununited Medial Humeral Epicondyle
Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head
Feline Femoral Neck Metaphyseal Osteopathy and Spontaneous Femoral Capital Physeal Fracture
Septic Metaphysitis
Multiple Cartilaginous Exostosis
Multiple Epiphyseal Dysplasia
Cranial Mandibular Osteopathy and Calvarial Hyperostosis
References
CHAPTER EIGHT Imaging of Joint and Tendon Diseases
Introduction
Choice of Modality
Degenerative Joint Disease
Radiographic Findings of Degenerative Joint Disease
Swelling
Osteophytes
Enthesophytes
Joint Collapse
Subchondral Sclerosis
Subchondral Resorption, Cysts
Degenerative Joint Disease of Specific Joints
Coxofemoral Joint
Elbow
Stifle
Phalanges
Degenerative Changes to Nonsynovial Joints
Joint-Associated Neoplasia
Septic Arthritis
Immune-Mediated Arthritis
Luxations/Subluxations
Fractures Involving Joints
Sesamoid Diseases
Other Joint Diseases
Synovial Osteochondromatosis
Imaging of Tendons/Ligaments
Strains/Sprains
Biceps Tendon and Supraspinatus Tendon
Iliopsoas Tendon
Calcaneal (Achilles) Tendon
Carpal Palmar Fibrocartilage
Collateral Ligaments
Patellar Ligament
Abductor Pollicis Longus
References
CHAPTER NINE Fractures and Fracture Healing
Introduction
Radiographic Examination of Fractures
Fracture Description and Classification
Unique Fractures
Normal Fracture Healing and Expected Radiographic Changes
Radiographic Assessment of Orthopedic Implants and Bone Healing
Complications of Fracture Healing
References
CHAPTER TEN Aggressive Bone Disease
Introduction
Radiographic Features of Bone Disease
Zone of Transition
Increased Mineral Opacity and Periosteal Proliferation
Osteolysis
Differentials for Aggressive Bone Disease
Primary Osseous Neoplasia
Neoplasia of the Axial Skeleton
Periarticular Neoplasia
Metastatic and Multicentric Neoplasia Involving Bone
Benign Bone Tumors
Osteomyelitis
Bacterial Osteomyelitis
Implant-Associated Infections
Sequestrum Formation
Fungal Osteomyelitis
Protozoal Osteomyelitis
Differentiating Neoplasia from Osteomyelitis
References
CHAPTER ELEVEN Imaging of the Head
Choice of Modality
Imaging Protocols
Radiography
Computed Tomography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Ultrasound
Specific Diseases of the Head/Skull
Nasal Diseases
Retrobulbar Diseases
Trauma
Temporomandibular Joint Disorders
Pharyngeal/Laryngeal Diseases
Nasopharyngeal Polyps
Pharyngeal/Laryngeal Neoplasia
Pharyngeal/Laryngeal Foreign Bodies
Nasopharyngeal Stenosis
Pharyngeal Collapse
Epiglottic Retroversion
Laryngeal Paralysis
Dental and Oral Disorders
Neoplasia
Periodontal/Endodontal Disease
Trauma
Salivary Diseases
Thyroid Disorders
Parathyroid Disorders
External/Middle/Inner Ear Disease
Brain Imaging
Other Tumors of the Head
Multilobular Osteochondrosarcoma
Carotid Body Tumor/Paraganglioma
Other Miscellaneous Disorders
Masticatory Muscle Myositis
Craniomandibular Osteopathy
Calvarial Hyperostosis
References
CHAPTER TWELVE Imaging of the Spine
Introduction
Modalities for Imaging the Spine
Radiography
Myelography
Computed Tomography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Congenital Vertebral Disorders
Atlantoaxial Subluxation
Transitional Vertebrae
Hemivertebrae
Block Vertebra
Facet Dysplasia
Spina Bifida
Uncommon, Diffuse Bone Diseases
Osteosclerosis
Congenital Hypothyroidism
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
Intervertebral Disc Diseases
Discospondylitis
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration and Herniation
Survey Radiography of Disc Disease
Myelography for Intervertebral Disc Disease
CT and CT Myelography of Intervertebral Disc Disease
MRI for Intervertebral Disc Disease
Spondylosis Deformans
Spinal Osteoarthritis
Cervical Spondylomyelopathy
Spinal Fractures and Traumatic Subluxation/Luxation
Vertebral Neoplasia
Intradural Spinal Cord Diseases
Spinal Cord Tumors
Spinal Inflammatory Diseases
Spinal Cord Vascular Incidents
Arachnoid Diverticulum
References
Section III Thorax
CHAPTER THIRTEEN Anatomy, Variants, and Interpretation Paradigm
Overview
Thoracic Radiographs – Basic Principles
Thoracic Radiographic Anatomy
Computed Tomographic Anatomy of the Thorax
Feline Thorax
Variations of Thoracic Anatomy
Extrathoracic Structures
Pleural Space
Pulmonary Parenchyma
The Mediastinum – Cranial
The Mediastinum – Middle
The Mediastinum – Caudal
Interpretation Paradigm
References
CHAPTER FOURTEEN Extrathoracic Structures
Overview
Thoracic Limbs
Thoracic Wall, Vertebral Column, Ribs, and Sternum
Diaphragm
Cranial Abdomen
Summary
Reference
CHAPTER FIFTEEN Pleural Space
Overview
Pleural Anatomy and Physiology
Abnormalities of the Pleural Space
Pleural Effusion
Pneumothorax
Extrapleural Sign and Pleural Mass(es)
Summary
References
CHAPTER SIXTEEN Pulmonary Parenchyma
Overview
Warnings and Obstacles
Anatomy and Physiology
Atelectasis
Interpretation Paradigm
Airspace and Bronchocentric Disease: an Alternative Approach
Tying It All Together
References
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN Mediastinum
Normal Anatomy
Normal Radiographic Anatomy
Mediastinal Abnormalities and Disorders
Mediastinal Shift
Mediastinal Fluid Accumulation
Mediastinal Masses and Lymphadenopathy
Pneumomediastinum
Esophagus
Megaesophagus
Esophageal Stricture
Esophageal Foreign Body
Esophageal Mass
Hiatal Abnormalities
Trachea
Tracheal Collapse
Tracheal Stenosis
Tracheal Hypoplasia
Diffuse Tracheal Narrowing
Tracheal Foreign Body
Tracheal Mass
Tracheal Trauma (Rupture/Tear/Avulsion/Perforation)
References
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN Cardiovascular System
Introduction
Normal Anatomy
Radiographic Evaluation
Echocardiography
Alternative Imaging Modalities
Interpretation Paradigm of The Cardiac Structures in Diagnostic Imaging
Is the Cardiac Silhouette Large, Small or Normal in Size?
Is Cardiomegaly Due to Left- or Right-Sided Enlargement or Generalized as with Pericardial Disease?
Are the Pulmonary Vessels Enlarged?
Is There Evidence of Enlargement of the Great Vessels?
Is There Radiographic Evidence of Left- or Right-Sided Congestive Heart Failure?
Congenital Cardiovascular Diseases
Left to Right Shunting Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
Right to Left Shunting PDA
Subaortic Stenosis (SAS)
Pulmonic Stenosis (PS)
Tricuspid Valve Dysplasia (TVD)
Mitral Valve Dysplasia (MVD)
Left to Right Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
Tetralogy of Fallot
Left to Right Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
Mitral Valve Stenosis (MS)
Cor Triatriatum Sinistrum/Cor Triatriatum Dextrum
Persistent Right Aortic Arch (PRAA)
Aortic Coarctation
Congenital Pericardial Disease
Acquired Cardiovascular Diseases
Degenerative Valvular Diseases
Myocardial Diseases
Neoplastic Heart Diseases
Pericardial Diseases
Pulmonary and Systemic Hypertension
Summary
References
CHAPTER NINETEEN Feline Thorax
Overview
Feline Thorax Interpretation Paradigm
Extrathoracic Structures
Pleural Space
Pulmonary Parenchyma and Anatomy
Mediastinum
Extrathoracic Abnormalities
Pleural Space Abnormalities
Pulmonary Parenchymal Abnormalities
Mediastinal Abnormalities
Diseases of the Cardiac Silhouette
Tying It All Together (Compartmental and Multicompartmental Disease)
References
Section IV Abdomen
CHAPTER TWENTY Anatomy, Variants, and Interpretation Paradigm
Introduction
Diaphragm
Abdominal cavity
Gastrointestinal Tract
Stomach
Small Intestine
Colon
Pancreas
Biliary System
Liver
Spleen
Adrenal Glands
Kidneys
Urinary Bladder
Urethra
Prostate
Ovaries
Uterus
Lymph Nodes
Abdominal Vasculature
Aorta
Caudal Vena Cava
Portal Vein
Summary
References
CHAPTER TWENTY ONE Extraabdominal Structures and the Abdominal Body Wall
Introduction
Body Wall Anatomy
Hernias
Masses
Summary
References
CHAPTER TWENTY TWO The Peritoneal and Retroperitoneal Space
Normal Anatomy
Imaging Findings
Serosal Margin Detail in the Normal Patient
Causes of Altered Serosal Margin Detail
Summary
References
CHAPTER TWENTY THREE Hepatobiliary Imaging
Introduction
Normal Anatomy
Characterizing Hepatic Abnormalities
Generalized Hepatomegaly
Focal Hepatomegaly
Microhepatia
Summary
References
CHAPTER TWENTY FOUR Spleen
Introduction
Focal Splenic Changes
Primary and Secondary Neoplasia
Nodular Hyperplasia
Hematoma
Extramedullary Hematopoiesis
Abscess
Splenic Thrombosis
Infarction
Myelolipomas
Mineralization
Diffuse Splenic Changes
Splenomegaly
Torsion
Primary and Secondary Neoplasia
Immune-Mediated Disease
Extramedullary Hematopoiesis
Bacterial, Fungal or Parasitic Infection
Summary
References
CHAPTER TWENTY FIVE Gastrointestinal Tract
Introduction
Diagnostic Imaging Modalities
Stomach
Gastric Dilation
Gastric Dilation and Volvulus
Foreign Bodies
Gastric Neoplasia
Gastritis and Ulceration
Gastric Perforation
Small and Large Intestines
Functional Ileus
Mechanical Obstruction
Foreign Bodies
Intestinal Neoplasia
Chronic Enteropathy/Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Intestinal Ulceration
Intussusception
Intestinal and Colonic Volvulus
Megacolon
Colonic Neoplasia
Summary
References
CHAPTER TWENTY SIX Pancreas
Anatomy
Pancreatitis in Dogs and Cats
Triaditis
Pancreatic Nodular Hyperplasia
Pancreatic Cysts and Pseudocysts
Pancreatic Abscess
Pancreatic Carcinoma
Endocrine Tumors
Pancreatic Edema
References
CHAPTER TWENTY SEVEN Urogenital Tract
Kidneys
Normal Imaging Findings
Abnormal Imaging Findings
Ureters
Excretory Urography
Percutaneous Antegrade Positive-Contrast Pyelography
Abnormalities of the Collecting System
Abnormalities of the Ureters
Urinary Bladder and Urethra
Normal Imaging Findings
Contrast Radiography
Cystography
Urethrography
Urinary Bladder Diseases
Distension
Rupture and Diverticula
Mineralization
Calculi
Sand
Urinary Bladder Wall
Masses
Neoplasms
Polypoid Urinary Cystitis
Other Soft Tissue Masses
Mural Gas
Abnormal Position
Intrapelvic Urinary Bladder
Hernia or Rupture
Urethral Diseases
Calculi
Rupture
Neoplasia
Inflammation
Stricture
Developmental Disease
Ureteral Ectopia
Ureterocele
Diverticulum
Female Reproductive Tract
Anatomy
Normal Pregnancy
Female Reproductive System Diseases
Male Reproductive Tract
Prostate Gland
Testes and Scrotum
Penis
References
CHAPTER TWENTY EIGHT Adrenal Glands and Lymph Nodes
Overview of Adrenal Glands
Imaging Appearance of Normal Adrenal Glands
Imaging Abnormalities of Adrenal Glands
Overview of Lymph Nodes
Imaging Characteristics of Normal Lymph Nodes
Lymphangiogram
Imaging Characteristics of Abnormalities of Lymph Nodes
References
APPENDIX I MUSCULOSKELETAL REVIEW PARADIGM
APPENDIX II THORACIC RADIOLOGY CHECKLIST
APPENDIX III ABDOMINAL RADIOLOGY CHECKLIST
Index
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