Anti-Aging Medicine: Basics and Clinical Practice

Description:

This textbook considers aging a disease and summarizes the leading-edge research and fact on anti-aging medicine and the aging mechanism. It provides the basics and biology of aging science, followed by presenting clinical studies such as exercise, nutrition, mental health (brain, sleep), and treatment interventions. The book also discusses aging control and considers behavioral, environmental, and societal implications for healthy aging. The field of aging science is interdisciplinary, and there are much more uncertainties; thus, it is crucial to summarize what is currently known to set a foundation for future research.

The International Classification of Diseases by the World Health Organization (WHO) has given the aging-related disease a subcode of XT9T. This trend advanced research of aging-related sicknesses and the concept that infirmities associated with old age can be controlled, such as cancer, dementia, and cardiovascular diseases. Basic research has progressed, and clinical applications have become available, resulting in significant social changes. As increased life expectancy is happening over the globe, we are facing unprecedented challenges, and anti-aging medicine is a key to treating population growth, environmental problems, etc., as problems for the entire planet.

Anti-Aging Medicine: Basics and Clinical Practice is an English translation of the publication by the Japanese Society of Anti-Aging Medicine. It is an insightful source for healthcare professionals and scholars in anti-aging and geriatrics. It will attract pharmaceutical, Information Technology, and Artificial Intelligence industries associated with aging-responsive markets.

The English translation of this book, originally in Japanese, was facilitated by artificial intelligence. A subsequent human revision of the content was done by the editors and authors.

Table of contents :

Contents
Part I: Understanding and Prospects of Anti-aging Medicine
1: What Is Anti-Aging Medicine?
1.1 From the Perspective of Lifespan [1] 1.2 Aging Is a Disease [2] References
2: The Philosophy and Spirituality of Anti-Aging Medicine
2.1 Not Just Physical, But Toward Four-Dimensional Medicine
2.2 Does a “Healthy Mind Dwell in a Healthy Body”?
2.3 Is Aging a Bad Thing?
References
3: Global Trends in Anti-Aging Medicine
3.1 History
3.2 World Education System
3.3 Conclusion
References
4: Anti-Aging Medicine in a Longevity Society
4.1 Physiological Aging and Pathological Aging
4.2 Scientific Concept of Frailty
4.3 Healthy Life Expectancy
4.4 New Definition of the Elderly
References
5: Anti-Aging Medicine and Well-being
References
6: Epidemiological Research in Anti-Aging Medicine
6.1 Regional Resident Observation Study on Longevity [1, 2] 6.2 Changes in Epidemiological Research on Aging from the Past to the Present
6.3 Epidemiological Research as Social Medicine
6.4 To Connect Epidemiological Research to the Practice of Anti-Aging Medicine
References
7: Policy Promotion of Anti-Aging Medicine
References
8: Anti-Aging Medicine and Medical Staff
8.1 Anti-Aging Checkup
8.2 The Essence of Anti-aging Medicine
8.2.1 Nutrition and Supplements
8.2.2 Preventive Medicine
8.2.3 Integrative Medicine
8.2.4 Functional Medicine
9: Occupational Medicine and Anti-Aging Medicine
9.1 The Purpose of Occupational Health
9.2 Occupational Safety and Health Act and the Duties of Occupational Physicians
9.3 Total Health Promotion Plan (THP)
9.4 Employment of the Elderly
9.5 Age-Friendly Guidelines
References
10: Anti-Aging Medicine in the Post/with-Corona Era
10.1 Old Age Is a Risk Factor for Severe COVID-19
10.2 Building a Body Strong Against Infectious Diseases Is Anti-Inflammatory Aging
10.3 Moderate Exercise Is Also Recommended
References
11: The Future of Antiaging Medicine
11.1 The Science of Aging Advances Further
11.2 Development of the Hormesis Hypothesis
11.3 Calorie Restriction (CR) Mimetics
11.4 Advances in Oxidative Stress Control
11.5 Antiaging Medicine as Disease Treatment
11.6 Future Prospects
References
Part II: Basic of Anti-aging Medicine
12: Biological Age and Aging Clock: Aging Clock
12.1 Aging Clock [1] 12.2 Biological Age [2] References
13: Biological Age and Aging Clock: DNA Methylation and Biological Age
13.1 Characteristics of DNA Methylation Clock
13.2 Mechanism [17, 18] 13.3 Germline reset [19] References
14: Biological Age and Aging Clock: Inflammation and Biological Age
14.1 Biological Age
14.2 Indicators of Biological Age
14.3 Inflammation and Cellular Aging [3–5] 14.4 Summary
References
15: Genes and Antiaging Medicine: Genomes and Longevity
15.1 Average Lifespan and Longevity Records of Japanese People
15.2 Aging-Related Diseases Proposed by Professor Martin G
15.3 From Longevity Model Animals to Sirtuins
15.4 Biological Methylation and Lifespan Clock
15.5 Search for Longevity Genes by Genome-Wide Studies (GWAS)
References
16: Genes and Antiaging Medicine: Genome Instability and Antiaging
16.1 What Genome Instability Means
16.2 Genome Instability Revealed from Research on Premature Aging
16.3 DNA Damage Plays a Central Role in Aging Changes
16.4 Antiaging Attempts Against Genome Instability
References
17: Genes and Antiaging Medicine: Telomere Shortening and Antiaging
17.1 What Are Telomeres?
17.2 Telomere Shortening Is One of the Typical Features of Aging
17.3 The Telomeres of Centenarians and their Children Are Maintained Long
17.4 Keeping Telomeres Long May Be the Secret to Healthy Longevity
17.4.1 Stress
17.4.2 Meditation
17.4.3 Exercise
References
18: Genes and Antiaging Medicine: Epigenetics and Antiaging
18.1 Control of Gene Expression by Epigenetic Changes
18.2 Epigenetic Changes with Aging
18.3 Possibility of Antiaging Intervention by Epigenetic Control
References
19: Genes and Antiaging Medicine: Longevity Genes and Antiaging
19.1 Apolipoprotein E (APOE) Gene
19.2 Longevity Genetic Factors Identified by Genome-Wide Association Analysis (GWAS)
19.3 Polygenic Risk Score and Longevity
19.4 Conclusion
References
20: Genes and Antiaging Medicine: Aging Genes and Antiaging
20.1 Aging Genes Revealed from Progeria Research [1] 20.2 Aging Model Mice and Aging Genes [4] References
21: Genes and Antiaging Medicine: Applying Genome Editing Technology to Antiaging
21.1 Overview of Genome Editing
21.2 Treatment of Aging and Age-Related Diseases by Genome Editing
References
22: Protein Homeostasis and Antiaging Medicine: Autophagy and Antiaging
22.1 Intracellular Degradation System Autophagy
22.2 Activation of Autophagy Leads to Suppression of Aging and Extension of Lifespan
22.3 The Potential and Prospects of Antiaging by Autophagy
References
23: Protein Homeostasis and Antiaging Medicine: Posttranslational Modification of Proteins and Antiaging
23.1 Antiaging Effects of Antioxidants
23.2 Functionality Through Posttranslational Modification of Proteins by Antioxidants and Binding with Biomolecules
References
24: Senescent Cells and Antiaging Medicine: Senescent Cells and Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenomenon (SASP)
24.1 What Is SASP?
24.2 Innate Immune Response via DNA Sensors (Endogenous SASP)
24.3 Exogenous SASP Induction in the Microenvironment of Obesity-Induced Liver Cancer
References
25: Senescent Cells and Antiaging Medicine: Cellular Aging Control Mechanism
25.1 Modes of Cellular Aging
25.2 Cellular Aging Control Mechanism via p53
25.3 Cellular Aging Control Mechanism via p16
25.4 Survival and Protection Mechanisms of Aging Cells
25.5 Conclusion
References
26: Senescent Cells and Antiaging Medicine: Development of Senolytics
26.1 Development and Types of Senolytics (Fig. 26.1) [2, 3] 26.2 Clinical Application of Senolytics and Conclusion
References
27: Senescent Cells and Antiaging Medicine: Selective Removal of Senescent Cells
27.1 Cell Removal by Immunity (CAR-T Therapy)
27.2 Cell Removal Vaccine
27.3 Future Expectations for Senescent Cell Removal Therapy
References
28: Mitochondria and Antiaging Medicine: Mitochondria and Antiaging
28.1 Lifespan Control Signals and Mitochondria
28.2 Sirtuins and Mitochondria
28.3 Outlook
References
29: Mitochondria and Antiaging Medicine: NAD+ Metabolic Intermediates and Antiaging
29.1 Salvage NAD+ Synthesis Pathway
29.2 Aging and Aging-Related Diseases and NAD+ Metabolic Intermediates
29.3 Life Span Control and NAD+ Intermediate Metabolites
29.4 Outlook
References
30: Oxidative Stress and Antiaging Medicine: Oxidative Stress Response and Antiaging
30.1 Exposure to Exogenous Singlet Oxygen Secondarily Produces ROS Inside Cells
30.2 It Is Important to Control Intracellular ROS to Protect Cells from Exogenous Stimuli
References
31: Oxidative Stress and Antiaging Medicine: Antiaging through Antioxidation
31.1 Oxidative Stress and Aging
31.2 Antiaging Through Chain-Breaking Antioxidants
31.3 Antiaging by Preventive Antioxidants
31.4 Antiaging by Antioxidant Enzymes
31.5 Future Prospects
References
32: Oxidative Stress and Antiaging Medicine: Nrf2 Signaling and Antiaging
32.1 The Central Transcription Factor Nrf2, Which Is Responsible for Oxidative Stress Response in Higher Animals
32.2 The Role of Nrf2 in Aging (Determining Lifespan)
32.3 Network of Aging Control Responses via Nrf2—Centered on SIRT6, PGC1α—
32.4 The Role of Nrf2 in Cellular Aging (Senescence)
32.5 Nrf2’s Defense Mechanism Against Age-Related Diseases
References
33: Immunology and Antiaging Medicine: What Is Immunosenescence?
33.1 Aging Changes in the Immune System
33.1.1 Aging Research and Immunosenescence
33.2 Immune Aging and Aging Cells in Immune Tissues
33.2.1 Bone Marrow
33.2.2 Thymus
33.2.3 Spleen
33.2.4 Lymph Nodes
33.2.5 Mucosal Lymphoid Tissue
References
34: Immunology and Antiaging Medicine: Aging Immune Cells and Antiaging
34.1 Mechanism of Immune Aging and Aging Immune Cells
34.2 Potential New Therapeutic Targets in Immunosenescence
References
35: Immunology and Antiaging Medicine: Inflammaging due to Chronic Inflammation
35.1 Chronic Inflammation
35.2 Inflammaging
References
36: Brain and Antiaging Medicine: Age-Related Changes in Cognitive Function
References
37: Brain and Antiaging Medicine: Aging Changes in Memory and Antiaging
37.1 Types of Memory
37.1.1 Short-Term and Long-Term Memory
37.1.2 Declarative and Non-Declarative Memory
37.1.3 Past and Future Memory
37.2 Elements of Memory
37.3 Aging Changes in Memory
37.4 Memory Circuits and Age-Related Changes
37.5 Antiaging of Memory
References
38: Brain and Antiaging Medicine: Antiaging of Cognitive Function: Exercise
38.1 Antiaging of Cognitive Function Through Exercise
38.2 Molecular Mechanism by Which Aerobic Exercise Enhances Cognitive Function
38.3 Even Low-Intensity Exercise Can Be Effective
References
39: Brain and Antiaging Medicine: Antiaging of Cognitive Function: Nutrition
39.1 Antioxidants and Vitamins
39.1.1 Vitamin B Group
39.1.2 Vitamin D
39.2 Fatty Acids
39.3 Diet
39.4 Metabolic Syndrome, Malnutrition, Frail
39.5 Diabetes
39.6 Conclusion
References
40: Metabolism and Antiaging Medicine: Metabolic Control and Antiaging
40.1 The Concept of Metabolism
40.2 Metabolic Hypothesis of Nutrient Metabolism and Aging
40.3 Energy Metabolism Abnormalities and Aging
40.4 Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Control
References
41: Metabolism and Antiaging Medicine: Sarcopenic Obesity and Antiaging
41.1 Sarcopenia and the Quantity and Quality of Skeletal Muscles
41.2 Orthotopic Fat Accumulation and Ectopic Fat Accumulation
41.3 Quality of Skeletal Muscle and Intramuscular Fat/Ectopic Fat Accumulation
41.4 Fatty Muscle and Exercise
41.5 Conclusion
References
42: Metabolism and Antiaging Medicine: Anti-glycation and Antiaging
42.1 Diabetes Accelerates Aging
42.2 Memory of Hyperglycemia (Metabolic Memory)
42.3 Advanced Glycation End Products (AGE)
42.4 AGE-RAGE System Inhibiting Aptamer
References
43: Metabolism and Antiaging Medicine: Phosphorus Metabolism and Antiaging
43.1 Phosphorus and Aging
43.2 Acceleration of Renal Aging by Excessive Phosphorus Intake
43.3 From Kidney Aging to Systemic Aging
43.4 Renal Failure: A Clinical Model of Accelerated Aging
43.5 Phosphorus: A Unique Aging Accelerator for Modern Humans
References
44: Hormones and Antiaging Medicine: Hypothalamic-Pituitary Hormones and Antiaging
44.1 GH-IGF System and Lifespan in Animal Models
44.2 GH-IGF System and Aging, Lifespan in Humans
44.3 The Role of the Hypothalamus in Aging
44.3.1 Aging Due to Inflammation and Decreased GnRH
44.3.2 The Hypothalamus as a Control Center for Aging
44.3.3 The Role of Hypothalamic Stem Cells in Aging
44.4 Conclusion
References
45: Hormones and Antiaging Medicine: Thyroid Hormones and Antiaging
45.1 Thyroid Hormones and Whole Body Metabolism
45.2 Thyroid Dysfunction and Malaise
45.3 Latent Hypothyroidism and Aging
45.4 Screening and Replacement Therapy for Hypothyroidism in the Elderly
45.5 Conclusion
References
46: Hormones and Antiaging Medicine: DHEA and Antiaging
46.1 What Is DHEA?
46.2 Changes in Hormone Levels due to DHEA Supplementation
46.3 Multifaceted Effects of DHEA Supplementation
46.4 Effectiveness of DHEA Supplementation
References
47: Hormones and Antiaging Medicine: Adipokines and Antiaging
47.1 Adiponectin
47.2 Enhancement of Insulin Sensitivity by Adiponectin
47.3 Adiponectin Receptor and Exercise Mimicry Effect
47.4 Adiponectin and Anti-atherosclerotic Effects
47.5 Adiponectin Receptor Agonist AdipoRon
47.6 Antiaging Strategy Targeting Adiponectin Receptors
47.7 Leptin
47.8 Leptin and Leptin Resistance
References
48: Hormones and Antiaging Medicine: Endothelial Cells as Endocrine Cells
48.1 Endothelial Cells Are Endocrine Organs
48.2 Discovery of NO as a Vascular Physiologically Active Factor
48.3 NO Production Mechanism in Endothelial Cells
48.4 NO and Aging, Age-Related Vascular Diseases
48.5 Other Physiologically Active Factors Derived from Vascular Endothelial Cells
References
49: Hormones and Antiaging Medicine: Melatonin and Antiaging
49.1 The Synthesis Pathway of Melatonin
49.2 Melatonin and Disease
References
50: Hormones and Antiaging Medicine: Insulin and Antiaging
50.1 Insulin Signaling
50.2 Insulin Signaling and Lifespan in Animal Models
50.3 Insulin Signaling and Antiaging
References
51: Hormones and Antiaging Medicine: Male Hormones and Antiaging
51.1 Production and Physiological Action of Testosterone
51.2 Changes in Testosterone with Aging
51.3 Late-Onset Hypogonadism (LOH) Syndrome in Aging Men
51.4 Treatment of LOH Syndrome
References
52: Hormones and Antiaging Medicine: Female Hormones and Antiaging
52.1 Basic Concept of the Antiaging Effects of Estrogen
52.2 Mechanism of Estrogen Action
52.2.1 Estrogen Biosynthesis Pathway
52.2.2 Mechanism of Estrogen Action
52.3 Antiaging Effects of Estrogen
52.3.1 Antioxidant Effects
52.3.2 Anti-inflammatory Effects
52.3.3 Telomerase Inhibitory Effects
52.4 Systemic Antiaging Effects of Estrogen
52.4.1 Uterus
52.4.2 Skin
52.4.3 Urinary and Reproductive Organs
References
53: Organ Correlation and Antiaging Medicine: Gut-Brain Correlation and Antiaging
53.1 Concept of Gut-Brain Correlation
53.2 Importance of Gut-Brain Correlation Disorders
53.3 Aging and Gut-Brain Correlation Disorders
53.4 Intestinal Bacteria and Gut-Brain Correlation
53.5 Changes in Neural Function due to Intestinal Bacteria
53.6 Intervention Trials of Brain Function by Intestinal Bacteria
References
54: Organ Correlation and Antiaging Medicine: Exercise and Organ Correlation
54.1 Humoral Factors Controlling Skeletal Muscle Contraction
54.2 Physiologically Active Substance Myokine
54.3 The Diverse Functions of Myokines
54.4 Future Prospects
References
55: Organ Correlation and Antiaging Medicine: Intestinal-Kidney Correlation and Antiaging
55.1 Progression of Aging-Related Diseases due to Deterioration of the Intestinal Environment and Chronic Inflammation in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease
55.2 Intestinal-Renal Correlation in Chronic Kidney Disease Treatment and Antiaging
References
56: Microbiome and Antiaging Medicine: Predicting Longevity from the Microbiome
56.1 Is Gut Bacterial Flora Information Useful for Predicting Lifespan?
56.2 Life Extension Targeting Gut Microbiota
56.3 Life Extension by Fecal Transplantation
56.4 Conclusion
References
57: Microbiome and Antiaging Medicine: Gut Bacterial Metabolites and Antiaging
57.1 Aging and Changes in Gut Bacterial Metabolites
57.2 Mechanism of Antiaging Action by Gut Bacterial Metabolites
57.2.1 Short-Chain Fatty Acids
57.2.2 Polyamines
57.2.3 Secondary Bile Acids
57.2.4 Metabolites Derived from Choline and Amino Acids
References
58: Microbiome and Antiaging Medicine: Vaginal Microbiome and Antiaging
58.1 Ideal Vaginal Microbiome
58.2 The Relationship Between Estrogen and the Vaginal Microbiome
58.3 Changes in the Vaginal Microbiome due to Aging
58.4 Antiaging of the Vaginal Microbiome
References
59: Sleep, Circadian Rhythm, and Antiaging Medicine: Circadian Rhythm and Antiaging
59.1 Age-Related Changes in Circadian Rhythm
59.2 Aging Promotion by Circadian Misalignment
References
60: Sleep, Circadian Rhythm, and Antiaging Medicine: Sleep Disorders and Antiaging
60.1 Sleep and Growth Hormone
60.2 Sleep and the Glymphatic System
60.3 Conclusion
References
61: Sleep, Circadian Rhythms, and Antiaging Medicine: Mild Disorders and Sleep Disorders
61.1 What Is a Mild Disorder?
61.2 Exploration of Mild Disorder States
61.3 Stress Characteristics of Mild Disorders
61.4 Relationship Between Sleep Disorders and Mild Discomfort
61.5 Concept of Mild Discomfort and Future Development
References
62: Caloric Restriction, Starvation, and Antiaging Medicine: Caloric Restriction Research and Antiaging
62.1 Molecular Mechanisms of Antiaging Effects by Caloric Restriction
62.2 Nutrient-Sensing Signals and Caloric Restriction
62.3 The Effect of Calorie Restriction on Humans
References
63: Caloric Restriction, Fasting, and Antiaging Medicine: Fasting, the Biological Signals of Starvation, and Antiaging
References
64: Caloric Restriction and Starvation in Antiaging Medicine: Caloric Restriction Mimetics
References
65: Blood Component Factors and Antiaging Medicine: Blood Component Factors and Antiaging
65.1 What Is a Blood Metabolite?
65.2 Aging Metabolites
65.3 Starvation Metabolites
65.4 Frailty and Sarcopenia-Related Metabolites
References
66: Blood Component Factors and Antiaging Medicine: Parabiosis and Antiaging
66.1 What Is Parabiosis?
66.2 Application of Parabiosis to Aging Research
References
Part III: Clinical Anti-aging Medicine
67: Clinical Antiaging Medicine: Antiaging Medicine from the Perspective of Centenarian Research
67.1 Purpose of Centenarian Research
67.2 Population Statistics of Centenarians
67.3 Medical Characteristics of Centenarians
67.3.1 Cognitive Function
67.3.2 Cardiovascular Disease Risk
67.3.3 Frailty
67.4 Conclusion
References
68: Clinical Antiaging Medicine: Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Antiaging Medicine
68.1 The Concept of Metabolic Syndrome and Antiaging
68.2 Visceral Fat Increases with Age
68.3 Challenges of Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity in the Super-Aged Society
References
69: Clinical Antiaging Medicine: Antiaging Medicine from the Perspective of the Heart, Blood Vessels, and Circulatory System
69.1 Antiaging Medicine for Blood Vessels
69.2 Mechanism of Vascular Aging
69.3 Clinical Indicators for Vascular Antiaging
69.4 Antiaging Medicine for the Heart
69.5 Mechanism of Cardiac Aging
69.6 Clinical Indicators for Cardiac Antiaging
69.7 Antiaging of the Heart, Blood Vessels, and Circulatory System
References
70: Clinical Antiaging Medicine: Antiaging Medicine from the Perspective of the Brain and Nervous System
70.1 Outline
70.2 The Relationship Between Cerebrovascular Disorders and Dementia
70.3 Therapeutic Effects of Exercise Therapy, Diet Therapy, and Supplements
70.4 Treatment Strategies for Lifestyle-Related Diseases
70.5 What is brain antiaging that can be done from now on?
References
71: Clinical Antiaging Medicine: Antiaging Medicine from the Perspective of the Kidneys
71.1 Aging and Kidney Function
71.2 Chronic Kidney Disease and Cellular Aging
71.3 Removal of Senescent Cells as a Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease and Its Prospects
References
72: Clinical Antiaging Medicine: Antiaging Medicine from the Perspective of the Digestive System
72.1 Antiaging Medicine from the Perspective of the Digestive System
72.2 Lifestyle and Digestive Tract Cancer
72.3 Lifestyle and Liver and Pancreatic Diseases
72.4 Lifestyle Habits and Lower Gastrointestinal Diseases
References
73: Clinical Antiaging Medicine: Antiaging Medicine from the Perspective of the Respiratory System
73.1 Normal Aging of the Lungs
73.2 Accelerated Aging of the Lungs
References
74: Clinical Antiaging Medicine: Antiaging Medicine from the Perspective of the Locomotor System
74.1 Knee Osteoarthritis
74.1.1 Diagnosis
74.1.2 Treatment
74.2 Osteoporosis
74.2.1 Diagnosis
74.2.2 Prevention and Treatment
References
75: Clinical Antiaging Medicine: Antiaging Medicine from the Perspective of Sensory Organs (Eyes)
75.1 Antioxidant Vitamins and AREDS Trials
75.2 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA) and AREDS2 Trials
75.3 Lutein and Age-Related Macular Degeneration
75.4 Anthocyanins and Glaucoma
75.5 Astaxanthin and Eye Fatigue
75.6 Catechins and Adjustment Power
75.7 Conclusion
References
76: Clinical Anti-Aging Medicine: Gender Medicine and Anti-Aging Medicine
76.1 Consider Gender and Age Differences in Health Checkup Diagnostic Criteria and Guidance [3] 76.2 Sex Hormones and the Onset of Aging
76.3 Intervention in Lifestyle-Related Diseases Is Lifelong
References
77: Clinical Anti-Aging Medicine: Cancer Treatment and Anti-Aging Medicine
77.1 Testosterone and Cancer Cachexia
77.2 Frailty, Sarcopenia, and Surgery
77.3 Gut Bacteria and Cancer Immunotherapy/Endocrine Therapy
77.4 Genomic Instability and Radiation Therapy
77.5 Pre-treatment Geriatric Assessment in Cancer Treatment
77.6 Conclusion
References
78: Clinical Anti-Aging Medicine: Appearance and Anti-Aging Medicine
78.1 Appearance
78.2 Changes in Appearance and Epigenetics
78.3 Internal Aging and External Aging
78.4 The Meaning of Appearance
References
79: Clinical Anti-Aging Medicine: Anti-Aging Medicine from the Perspective of Oral Function
79.1 The Importance of Oral Function and Aging
79.2 The Function and Role of Saliva
79.3 Anti-Aging from the Mouth
References
80: Clinical Anti-Aging Medicine: Sarcopenia, Frailty, and Anti-Aging Medicine
80.1 The Challenge of “Frailty” Towards a 100-Year Life
80.2 Clinical Prospects of Frailty Starting from Sarcopenia
80.3 Incidence of Frailty and Pre-Frailty
References
81: Clinical Anti-Aging Medicine: Anti-Aging Medicine for Female Reproductive Organs
81.1 Aging as an Individual
81.1.1 Estrogen and Aging
81.1.2 Organ (1): Anti-Aging for the Musculoskeletal System
81.1.3 Organ (2): Anti-Aging for Lipid Metabolism (Atherosclerosis)
81.1.4 Organ (3): Anti-aging for the Nervous System
81.1.5 Organ (4): Anti-Aging for the Skin
81.1.6 Organ (5): Anti-Aging for the Genitals
81.2 Anti-Aging as Fertility
References
Part IV: Anti-ageing Practice and Diagnostics
82: Let’s Start Anti-Aging Medical Practice
82.1 The Treatment Goals of Our Clinic that Has Incorporated Anti-Aging Medical Practice
82.2 Basic Concept of Anti-Aging Medicine
82.3 About Supplements
References
83: Physical Activity and Anti-Aging: Prevention of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases Through Exercise
References
84: Physical Activity and Anti-Aging: Cancer Prevention Through Exercise
84.1 The Cancer Prevention Effects of Exercise in Epidemiological Studies
84.2 The Mechanism of Cancer Prevention Through Exercise
References
85: Physical Activity and Anti-Aging: Prevention of Sarcopenia and Frailty Through Exercise
85.1 Exercise for the Prevention of Sarcopenia
85.2 Exercise for the Prevention of Frailty
References
86: Physical Activity and Anti-Aging: Improvement of Brain Function (Cognitive Impairment, Depression) by Exercise
86.1 Brain Decline and Cognitive Impairment, Depression Due to Aging
86.2 Actual Effects of Exercise on Cognitive Impairment, Depression
86.3 Presumed Mechanism of Action of Exercise
86.4 Neuroinflammation Hypothesis and Antidepressant Effects of Exercise
References
87: Physical Activity and Anti-aging: The Significance of Exercise at each Life Stage
87.1 The Significance of Exercise for Children
87.2 The Significance of Exercise for Adults
87.3 The Significance of Exercise in the Elderly
References
88: Physical Activity and Anti-aging: Nutrients That Enhance the Anti-aging Effects of Exercise
88.1 Proteins and Amino Acids
88.2 Vitamin D
88.3 Omega-3 Fatty Acids
88.4 Ketogenic Diet (KD) and Medium-Chain Fatty Acids (MCT)
References
89: Nutrition, Diet, and Anti-aging: The History of Nutrition Science in Japan and Anti-aging
89.1 The National Institute of Nutrition and the Shoku-Yo-Kai
89.2 Keio University’s Institute of Dietary Health and Renal Diet Therapy
89.3 The Era of Individualized Nutrition and Future Anti-aging Medicine
References
90: Nutrition and Diet and Anti-aging: Japanese Cuisine and Anti-aging
90.1 Background
90.2 Anti-aging of Cognitive Function
90.3 Dementia Prevention from the Perspective of Food
90.4 Perspective from Japanese Cuisine
90.5 Relationship Between Intestinal Bacteria and Cognitive Function
90.6 Summary
References
91: Nutrition, Diet, and Anti-aging: Mediterranean Diet and Anti-aging
91.1 What Is the Mediterranean Diet?
91.2 The Mediterranean Diet and Cardiovascular Disease
91.3 The Mediterranean Diet and Cognitive Function
91.4 Mediterranean Diet and Cancer
91.5 Conclusion
References
92: Nutrition, Diet, and Anti-aging: Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and Anti-aging
92.1 What Is the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII)?
92.2 Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) Score and Diabetes
92.3 Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) Score and Osteoporosis
92.4 Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) Score and Cancer, Cardiovascular Disease, and Depression
92.5 Conclusion
References
93: Nutrition, Diet, and Anti-aging: Fermented Foods and Anti-aging
93.1 Fermented Foods and Anti-aging Effects
93.2 Microbial Flora and Their Metabolites Contained in Fermented Foods
93.3 Prebiotics and Nutrients Contained in Fermented Foods
93.4 Impact of Fermented Foods on the Intestinal Microbiota
93.5 Conclusion
References
94: Nutrition, Diet, and Anti-aging: High Fermentation Dietary Fiber and Anti-aging
94.1 Dietary Fiber Intake and Risk of Lifestyle Diseases
94.2 Changes in Dietary Fiber Intake among Japanese People
94.3 What Is High Fermentable Dietary Fiber?
94.4 Conclusion
References
95: Nutrition, Diet, and Anti-aging: Low-Salt Diet and Anti-aging
95.1 Salt Intake and Disease Risk
95.2 Verification and Practice of Salt Reduction Effects
95.3 Effective Use and Effects of Alternative Salt (KCl)
95.4 Salt Sensitivity and Anti-aging
References
96: Nutrition, Diet, and Anti-aging: Ketogenic Diet and Anti-aging
96.1 What Is a Ketogenic Diet?
96.2 The Role of Ketone Bodies in the Body
96.3 Known Effects of a Ketogenic Diet
96.4 Ketogenic Diet and Anti-aging
References
97: Nutrition, Diet, and Anti-aging: Low AGE Diet and Anti-aging
97.1 Dietary AGEs and Aging Face
97.2 Dietary AGEs and Cancer
97.3 Dietary AGEs and Osteoporosis, Cognitive Function
97.4 AGE as a Biomarker of Lifespan
97.5 Evidence of Low AGE Diet
97.6 Ageless Life with AGE-Less Food
References
98: Nutrition, Diet, and Anti-aging: The Reality of Anti-aging Menus
References
99: Nutrition, Diet, and Anti-aging: Cancer Prevention and Nutrition/Diet
99.1 Evidence-Based Cancer Prevention
99.2 International Current Status of the Evaluation of the Causal Relationship Between Nutrition/Diet-Related Factors and Cancer Risk
99.3 Cancer Prevention Methods That Can Be Recommended Based on the Causal Relationship Evaluation and Current Situation Based on Evidence from Japanese People
References
100: Stress Management and Anti-aging: Understanding Stress
100.1 The Situation and Background of Stress in Our Country
100.2 What Is Stress?
100.3 The Stress Response and Coping with Them
References
101: Stress Management and Anti-aging: Aging and Stress
101.1 Stress and Adaptation Associated with Aging
101.2 Aging and Stress Adaptation
101.3 Aging and Hormesis
References
102: Stress Management and Anti-aging: Mental Anti-aging
102.1 Aging Changes in the Mind
102.2 Frailty and Cognitive Decline and Depression
102.3 What Is Stress Management?
102.4 Stress Management and Positive Psychology
References
103: Stress Management and Anti-aging: The Practice of Relaxation
103.1 Stress Removal! Live Long and Healthy! Mental Fitness Method [1, 2] 103.2 The Formula of Autogenic Training
103.3 Experiencing Mental Fitness Method ①
103.4 When Practicing Mental Fitness Method ①
103.5 The Reality of Mental Fitness Method ①
References
104: Stress Management and Anti-aging: Happiness and Anti-aging Medicine—Happy People Live Longer!
104.1 We Are Beginning to Be Able to Objectively Measure Happiness
104.2 Two Types of Happiness
104.3 Ways to Increase Happiness
104.4 Happy People Live Longer
104.5 Happiness (Cheerfulness) Can Be Chosen
References
105: Functional Foods and Anti-aging: Classification and System of Functional Foods
105.1 What Are Functional Foods?
105.2 FOSHU and Nutritionally Functional Foods
105.3 Functional Labeling Foods
105.4 Foods for Special Dietary Uses
105.5 Conclusion
Reference
106: Functional Foods and Anti-aging: What Are Foods with Functional Claims
106.1 Foods with Functional Claims
106.2 Conditions for Foods with Functional Claims
References
107: Functional Foods and Anti-aging: Types and Functions of Functional Fresh Foods
107.1 System of Foods with Function Claims
107.2 Utilization of Fresh Foods with Function Claims
References
108: Functionality of Supplements and Anti-aging: Functionality of Supplements—Sensory Organs
108.1 Lutein and Zeaxanthin
108.2 Astaxanthin
108.3 n-3 Highly Unsaturated Fatty Acids
108.4 Zinc
References
109: Functionality and Anti-aging of Supplements: Functionality of Supplements—Oral and Dental
109.1 Functional Foods in the Oral and Dental Field
109.2 Caries
109.3 Periodontal Disease
109.4 Dry Mouth (Oral Dryness)
References
110: Functionality of Supplements and Anti-aging: Functionality of Supplements—Endocrine Metabolism
110.1 Supplements Related to Endocrine Metabolism
110.2 Sulforaphane
110.3 Quercetin
110.4 Catechin
110.5 Resveratrol
References
111: Functionality of Supplements and Anti-aging: Functionality of Supplements—Digestive System
111.1 Digestive Tract and Supplements
111.1.1 Probiotics and Functional Digestive Diseases
111.1.2 Helicobacter pylori Infection and Probiotics
111.2 Liver and Supplements
111.2.1 Viral Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatoprotective Drugs
111.2.2 Fatty Liver, Steatohepatitis, and Supplements
111.2.3 Utilization of Supplements as Adjunctive Therapy for Progressive Liver Disease
111.2.4 Supplements and Drug-Induced Liver Injury
References
112: Functionality of Supplements and Anti-aging: Functionality of Supplements—Immunity and Allergies
112.1 Lactic Acid Bacteria
112.2 Methylated Catechins
References
113: Functionality of Supplements and Anti-aging: Functionality of Supplements—Skin
113.1 Defense of the Skin Aging Process [1] 113.2 Gut–Brain–Skin Axis (Brain–Gut–Skin Theory) [2] 113.3 Nutrients Expected to Be Effective for the Skin [3] 113.4 Particularly Good Supplements for the Skin [4] References
114: Functionality of Supplements and Anti-aging: Functionality of Supplements—Male Medical
114.1 Supplements Expected to Improve Erectile Function
114.2 Supplements Expected to Improve Reproductive Function
114.3 Supplements for Improving Low Testosterone Syndrome
References
115: Functionality of Supplements and Anti-aging: Functionality of Supplements—Women’s Health Care
115.1 Soy Isoflavones
115.2 Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin
References
116: Functionality of Supplements and Anti-aging: Functionality of Supplements—Fertility
116.1 Overview
116.2 Supplements for Fertility (Women’s Edition)
116.2.1 Folic Acid
116.2.2 Vitamin D
116.3 Supplements for Fertility (For Men)
116.4 Conclusion
References
117: Functionality of Supplements and Anti-aging: Functionality of Supplements—Neurology
117.1 Anti-aging of the Brain and Lifestyle Disease Prevention
117.2 Anti-aging of the Brain and Dementia Prevention
117.3 Brain Anti-aging and the Functionality of Supplements
References
118: Functionality of Supplements and Anti-aging: Functionality of Supplements—Musculoskeletal and Sports
118.1 Sports and Physical Abilities and Supplements
118.2 Skeletal Muscle Anti-aging and Supplements
118.3 Bone Anti-aging and Protein/Amino Acids
118.4 Future Prospects
References
119: Functionality of Supplements and Anti-aging: Functionality of Supplements—Cardiovascular
119.1 ω3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
119.2 Resveratrol
119.3 Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10)
119.4 Functional Ingredients Reported
References
120: Functionality and Anti-aging of Supplements: Safety of Supplements
120.1 Safety of Ingredients
120.2 Safety of Manufacturing Process
120.3 Health Damage Caused by Supplements
120.4 Safe Intake of Supplements
References
121: Functionality and Antiaging of Supplements: Interactions Between Supplements and Medicines
121.1 Current State of Concurrent Use of Medicines and Supplements
121.2 What Is a Drug Interaction?
121.3 Interactions Mediated by Cytochrome P450
121.4 Pharmacodynamic Mechanism
121.5 Nutrient Deficiency Caused by Drugs
References
122: Preferences and Antiaging: Alcohol Consumption and Antiaging
122.1 Alcohol Consumption and Life Prognosis: Is the J-Curve Phenomenon Real?
122.2 The Impact of Excessive Drinking on the Digestive Organs
122.3 Sex Differences in Alcohol-Related Liver Disease and the Effects of Alcohol on the Reproductive System
122.4 Excessive Alcohol Intake and Skin
122.5 Pharmacological Effects of Congeners and Antiaging
122.6 Reduction in Alcohol Consumption and Harm Reduction
122.7 Conclusion
References
123: Preferences and Antiaging: Coffee and Antiaging
123.1 Coffee Intake and Genetic Background
123.2 Coffee Intake and Epidemiological Studies
123.3 Radical Scavenging by Coffee Components
123.4 Weak Antiinflammatory Effects of Coffee
123.5 Coffee’s Phenolic Components Activate the Nrf2 Pathway
123.6 Antiaging Effects of Coffee Through the Intestine
123.7 Conclusion
References
124: Preferences and Antiaging: Green Tea and Antiaging
124.1 Characteristics of Green Tea
124.2 The Functionality of Green Tea Related to Antiaging
124.3 Foods with Functional Indications Using Green Tea Components
References
125: Preferences and Antiaging: Smoking Cessation and Antiaging
125.1 “Not Just Life Expectancy, But Reduction in Healthy Life Expectancy” Due to Smoking
125.2 Correcting Misunderstandings About Health Damage
125.3 About Heated Tobacco
125.4 The Reality of Smoking Cessation Guidance
125.4.1 Psychology of Smokers
125.4.2 Benefits of Quitting Smoking
125.4.3 Points to Promote Behavior Change
125.4.4 Current Status of Smoking Cessation Drugs and Apps
References
126: Traditional Chinese Medicine, Alternative Medicine, and Antiaging: Traditional Chinese Medicine and Antiaging
126.1 Traditional Chinese Medicine and Antiaging
126.2 Traditional Chinese Medicine’s Perspective on Aging
126.3 Practical Use of Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Elderly
126.3.1 Back Pain and Numbness
126.3.2 Osteoarthritis of the Knee
126.3.3 Urinary Disorders
126.3.4 Tinnitus
126.3.5 Insomnia
126.3.6 Constipation
126.4 The Future of Antiaging Chinese Medicine Research
References
127: Traditional Chinese Medicine, Alternative Medicine, and Antiaging: Medical Herbs and Antiaging
127.1 Ginkgo, Ginkgo Leaf, Ginkgo Tree, Ginkgo biloba
127.2 Echinacea, Purple Cornflower, Echinacea
127.3 Milk Thistle, Silybum marianum
127.4 St. John’s Wort (SJW), Hypericum perforatum
127.5 Saw Palmetto, Serenoa repens
127.6 Bilberry, Vaccinium myrtillus
127.7 Reishi Mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum
127.8 Ginseng, Panax ginseng
127.9 Turmeric, Curcuma longa
127.10 Ashwagandha, Withania somnifera Dunal
127.11 Cannabis, Cannabis sativa
References
128: Traditional Chinese Medicine, Alternative Medicine, and Antiaging: Acupuncture and Moxibustion and Antiaging
128.1 What Is Acupuncture and Moxibustion: Therapeutic Tools and Clinical Applications
128.2 The Effectiveness of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Treatment for Symptoms and Diseases in the Elderly
128.2.1 Back Pain
128.2.2 Spinal Stenosis
128.2.3 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
128.2.4 Parkinson’s Disease
128.3 Acupuncture and Moxibustion Treatment for Frailty [5] References
129: Antiaging Checkup: What Is an Antiaging Checkup
129.1 Antiaging Checkup
129.2 Test Items: Degree of Aging and Aging Risk Factors
129.3 Guidance Based on Results
129.4 The Significance of Accumulating Data for Hypothesis Verification
129.5 Conclusion
References
130: Antiaging Checkup: Vascular Age
130.1 Vessels as Targets for Antiaging
130.2 Using Endothelial Function to Evaluate Vascular Age
130.3 Using Vascular Smooth Muscle Function for Vascular Age Evaluation
130.4 Using Venous Function and Lymphatic Function for Vascular Age Evaluation
References
131: Antiaging Checkup: Brain Age
131.1 Brain Age and Appearance
131.2 Functional and Structural Tests to Evaluate Brain Age
References
132: Antiaging Checkup: Bone Age and Osteoporosis
132.1 Bone Age and Antiaging Checkup
132.2 Measurement of Osteoporosis
132.3 Evaluation of Measurement Results
References
133: Antiaging Checkup: Hormonal Age
133.1 Hormonal Age
133.2 Sex Hormones
133.2.1 Estrogen
133.2.2 Testosterone
133.3 DHEA
133.4 Growth Hormone
133.5 Melatonin
References
134: Antiaging Dock: Muscle Age
134.1 Basic Knowledge of Muscles
134.2 Muscle Evaluation Indicators: Muscle Mass and Strength
134.3 Age-Related Changes in Muscle Mass by Body Part
References
135: Antiaging Checkup: Perceived (Skin) Age
135.1 Terms for Wrinkles and Sagging
135.2 Types and Classification of Wrinkles and Sagging
135.3 Relationship Between Age and Spots, Wrinkles, and Sagging
References
136: Antiaging Checkup: Evaluation of Oral Age
136.1 Current Status and Challenges of Oral Age Evaluation Method
136.2 The Possibility of Periodontal Age Evaluation from the Perspective of Geroscience
References
137: Antiaging Checkup: Gut Age
137.1 Factors Affecting the Gut Microbiota
137.2 Characteristics of the Gut Microbiota in the Elderly
137.3 Gut Age
137.4 Conclusion
References
138: Antiaging Checkup: Age Evaluation of the Lungs
138.1 What Is Lung Age?
138.2 Respiratory Function Test and Aging
138.3 Actual Lung Age [3] (Fig. 138.1)
138.4 Future of Lung Age [4] References
139: Antiaging Checkup: Age Evaluation of the Eyes
139.1 Eye Frailty
139.2 Presbyopia
139.3 Dry Eye
139.4 Cataracts
139.5 Glaucoma
139.6 Diabetic Retinopathy
139.7 Age-Related Macular Degeneration
139.8 Epiretinal Membrane
139.9 Conclusion
140: Antiaging Checkup: Evaluation of Glycation Stress
140.1 Evaluation of Glycation Stress
140.2 Measurement of AGEs Accumulation in the Skin
140.3 Relationship Between SAF and Cognitive Function
References
141: Antiaging Dock: Evaluation of Psychosomatic Stress
141.1 Stressors and Psychosomatic Stress Response
141.2 Psychosocial Stressors and Psychological Stress Theory
141.3 Stress-Level Assessment Scale for Psychosocial Stressors
141.4 Biomarkers of Psychosomatic Stress
References
142: Antiaging Dock: Evaluation of Oxidative Stress
142.1 To Properly Understand the Body’s Antioxidant Capacity
142.2 Methods to Evaluate Oxidative Stress
142.2.1 Measurement of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Itself
142.2.2 Measurement of Biological Products (Oxidatively Modified Substances) Caused by Reactive Oxygen
142.2.3 Measurement of Antioxidants
142.3 What Is the MULTIS Method?
References
143: Antiaging Checkup: Evaluation of Immunity
143.1 About the Evaluation of Immune Function
143.1.1 Aging and Gender Differences
143.1.2 Stress
143.1.3 Exposure to Harmful Chemicals
143.2 Immune Function and Its Evaluation in the Elderly
143.3 Relationship Between Daily Life and Immunity
References
144: Antiaging Checkup: Evaluation of Physical Activity
144.1 What Is Physical Activity?
144.2 Energy Consumption and METs
144.3 Standard Method
144.4 Questionnaire Method
144.5 Activity Meter and Wearable
References
145: Antiaging Dock: Evaluation of Well-Being
References
146: Antiaging Dock: Evaluation of Sarcopenia
146.1 History of the Diagnostic Criteria for Sarcopenia
146.2 Diagnostic Criteria by EWGSOP2
146.3 Diagnostic Criteria by AWGS2019
References
147: Antiaging Dock: Evaluation of Locomotive Syndrome
147.1 Practical Evaluation of Locomo Degree
147.1.1 Stand-Up Test
147.1.2 2-Step Test
147.1.3 Locomo 25 Questionnaire (Locomo 25)
147.2 Epidemiology of Locomo
147.3 Locomo Age
References
148: Antiaging Dock: Evaluation of Frailty
148.1 Frailty and Its Evaluation Methods
148.2 Frailty Assessment Using a Questionnaire for the Elderly
References
149: Antiaging Dock: New Appearance Evaluation by AI
149.1 AI’s Medical Applications
149.2 AI Technology and Antiaging
References
150: Antiaging Interventions: Weight Loss and Metabolic Improvement Surgery and Antiaging
150.1 Surgical Treatment for Severe Obesity
150.2 Types of Weight Loss and Metabolic Improvement Surgery
150.3 Surgical Indication Criteria
150.4 Effects on Obesity-Related Health Disorders
150.4.1 Effect on T2D
150.4.2 Effect on Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH)
References
151: Antiaging Interventions: Aesthetic Medicine
151.1 Antiaging Aesthetic Medicine for the Face
151.2 Antiaging Cosmetic Medicine for the Trunk
References
152: Antiaging Interventions: Chelation Therapy
152.1 Overview
152.2 The Practice of Chelation Therapy
152.3 Changes in PWV Values Due to EDTA Chelation Therapy
152.4 Contraindications and Side Effects of EDTA Chelation Therapy
152.5 Harmful Metals and Chelation Therapy
References
153: Antiaging Interventions: Global Clinical Trials on Antiaging Treatments
153.1 Metabolic-Related Drugs
153.2 Dietary Intervention
153.3 Anticell Aging Treatment: Telomere Extension, Senescent Cell Removal Drugs
153.4 Conclusion
References
154: Antiaging Interventions: The Forefront of Cancer Chemoprevention
154.1 Cancer Prevention Strategy
154.2 What Is Cancer Chemoprevention?
154.3 Colorectal Cancer Chemoprevention Using Aspirin
154.4 Future Prospects
References
Part V: Anti-aging and Environment
155: Housing and Antiaging Medicine
References
156: Architecture, Indoor Environment, and Antiaging Medicine
156.1 Sick House Syndrome and Residential Airtightness
156.2 Health Problems Caused by Low Temperatures and Their Countermeasures
156.3 Health Factors Other Than Low Temperature
References
157: Global Environment, COP, and Antiaging Medicine
157.1 Global Environment
157.2 COP
157.3 Biodiversity and Health
157.4 One Health
References
158: Medical, Food, and Agricultural Cooperation and Antiaging Medicine
158.1 Precision Medicine and Precision Agriculture
158.2 Agro-medical Foods (AMF)
158.3 Recommended Agricultural Products for Agro-medical Foods
References
Part VI: Anti-aging and Society
159: Medical Systems (Digital Medicine and Telemedicine) and Antiaging Medicine
159.1 What Is Digital Medicine?
159.2 Online Medical Care/Telemedicine
References
160: Antiaging Medicine from Infancy
160.1 DOHaD
160.2 Delivery Style and Chronic Diseases
160.3 Child Abuse and Aging
160.4 Obesity Measures to Be Implemented from an Earlier Stage
160.5 Gut Microbiota and Lifestyle Diseases
160.6 Immune Aging Due to Drug Use
References
161: Antiaging from a Demographic Perspective
References
162: Women’s Comprehensive Outpatient Clinic and Antiaging
162.1 Women’s Life Cycle and Health (Fig. 162.1)
162.2 Improvement of Lifestyle Habits
162.3 The Relationship Between the Women’s General Outpatient Clinic and Antiaging
References
163: Antiaging from a Business Perspective
163.1 Investment and Return on Investment from a Business Evaluation Perspective
163.2 Business Opportunities to Increase Sales
163.3 Business Opportunities to Lower Costs and Increase Profits
163.4 Consideration of Business Portfolio for Sustainable Growth Cash Flow
163.5 Risks of M&A Management Based on International Accounting Standards
References