Understanding Patent Foramen Ovale in Adults

Introduction

A patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a condition where a hole between the upper chambers of the heart (atria) fails to close after birth. This guide provides an overview of PFO, including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and at-home care instructions for adults.

Understanding PFO

Before birth, a hole in the heart allows blood circulation without involving the lungs. After birth, this hole usually closes. If it remains open, it’s known as a patent foramen ovale (PFO). Most people with PFO have no symptoms or health issues related to it.

Causes and Symptoms

The exact cause of PFO is unknown, and most cases show no symptoms. Rare symptoms include:

• Stroke due to blood clots
• Migraine headaches
• Platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome (shortness of breath and low oxygen levels when upright, relieved when lying down)

Diagnosis

Diagnosis involves:

• Physical exam and medical history
• Diagnostic tests like:
  • Echocardiogram (sound waves producing heart images)
  • Transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) – a probe in the esophagus for detailed imaging
  • Electrocardiogram (ECG) – identifying heart electrical activity changes
  • Cardiac MRI – advanced imaging technique

Treatment

Most cases require no treatment. If symptoms or blood clots are present, options include:

• Medications to prevent blood clots and strokes (anticoagulants or antiplatelets)
• Surgical procedure to close the hole (transcatheter closure)

Home Care Instructions

Adhere to these guidelines at home:

• Medicines: Administer over-the-counter and prescription medicines as per healthcare provider’s instructions.
• Follow-up Visits: Attend all scheduled follow-up appointments.

When to Seek Medical Attention

Contact a healthcare provider if you experience:

• Fever
• Frequent or severe headaches

Seek immediate medical help if you have:

• Bluish skin
• Chest pain or breathing difficulty
• Stroke symptoms (remember BE FAST: Balance, Eyes, Face, Arms, Speech, Time)
• Other stroke signs like severe headache, nausea, vomiting, or seizures

Conclusion

Understanding and managing patent foramen ovale in adults is essential for your well-being. By adhering to medical advice, attending follow-up appointments, and seeking prompt medical attention if symptoms worsen, you can effectively manage this condition. Always consult your healthcare provider for personalized guidance.