Hypotension

Hypotension, also known as low blood pressure, occurs when the force of blood pumping through the arteries is insufficient. Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood from the heart to various parts of the body. Depending on its cause and severity, hypotension can be either harmless (benign) or pose serious health risks.

When blood pressure is too low, the brain and organs may not receive adequate blood flow, leading to symptoms such as weakness, light-headedness, rapid heartbeat, and fainting.

Causes of hypotension can include blood loss, dehydration, heart problems, hormonal imbalances, pregnancy, severe infections, deficiency of certain nutrients, severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis), and certain medications like blood pressure medications or diuretics. Not following medication instructions correctly, such as taking too much, can also contribute to low blood pressure.

Factors that increase the risk of hypotension include age, having conditions that affect the heart or central nervous system.

Signs and symptoms of hypotension commonly include weakness, light-headedness, dizziness, blurred vision, fatigue, rapid heartbeat, and, in severe cases, fainting.

Diagnosis of hypotension is based on medical history, symptoms, and blood pressure measurements taken in different positions (lying down, sitting, standing). Blood pressure readings consist of two numbers, such as “120 over 80” (or 120/80). The first number is the systolic pressure, representing the pressure in the arteries when the heart beats, and the second number is the diastolic pressure, representing the pressure in the arteries when the heart is resting between beats. A blood pressure reading below 90/60 may indicate hypotension.

Additional information and tests that may aid in the diagnosis include vital sign assessments, blood tests, and tilt table tests, which involve monitoring heart rhythm and blood pressure while shifting from a lying to an upright position.

Treatment for hypotension may involve dietary changes, such as increasing fluid intake or consuming high-sodium foods, taking medications to raise blood pressure, adjusting dosages of certain medications, and wearing compression stockings to reduce swelling in the legs and prevent blood clots.

In more severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary for fluid or blood replacement through intravenous (IV) administration. Addressing infections or heart problems may also be required.

At home, individuals with hypotension are advised to drink enough fluids to maintain pale yellow urine, follow a healthy diet, and increase salt intake if recommended by healthcare providers. It is essential to take medications as prescribed and not make any changes to dosage without medical advice.

To manage symptoms, patients should rise slowly from lying down or sitting positions, avoid excessive heat, and abstain from nicotine and tobacco products. Regular follow-up visits are crucial for ongoing monitoring and care.

If any concerning symptoms, such as chest pain, irregular heartbeat, numbness, difficulty moving limbs, trouble speaking, shortness of breath, fainting, confusion, or extreme weakness, occur, immediate medical attention is necessary. In such cases, emergency services should be contacted promptly.

This information serves as a valuable resource but is not intended to replace professional medical advice. Any questions or concerns should be discussed with a healthcare provider to ensure appropriate care and guidance for managing hypotension.