Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a heart condition characterized by excessive thickening of a specific part of the heart muscle. The thickening mainly affects the left ventricle, which is the pumping chamber located on the lower left side of the heart. This condition can lead to dangerous and abnormal heart rhythms, and over time, it may weaken the heart’s overall function.

Typically, symptoms of HCM begin to appear when a person is around 30 years old. Some of the common symptoms include shortness of breath, especially after exercising or lying down, chest pain, dizziness, fatigue, irregular or fast heart rate, fainting (particularly following physical activity), and swelling in the legs, ankles, feet, abdomen, or neck veins.

HCM is usually caused by abnormal genes that control heart muscle growth. These abnormal genes are often passed down through families, making the condition inheritable.

Individuals with a family history of HCM are at a higher risk of developing the condition. Therefore, it is essential for those with a family history of HCM to be vigilant about monitoring their heart health and seeking medical attention if they experience any concerning symptoms.

To diagnose HCM, healthcare providers typically perform a physical examination, during which they check for abnormal heart sounds, also known as heart murmurs. Various tests are used for diagnosis, including:

1. Electrocardiogram (ECG): This test records the heart’s electrical activity, helping identify any abnormal heart rhythms.

2. Echocardiogram: This ultrasound test provides images of the heart, enabling doctors to assess the thickness of the left ventricle and how efficiently it fills with blood.

3. Exercise stress test: Conducted during physical activity, this test provides valuable information about how the heart functions under stress.

4. Transesophageal echocardiogram: This test involves placing a thin tube down the esophagus to obtain detailed ultrasound images of the heart.

5. Doppler test: This test is used to assess blood flow and pressure differences inside the heart.

In addition to these tests, genetic testing on a blood sample and other imaging studies such as a chest X-ray and MRI may be performed to aid in the diagnosis.

Treatment for HCM varies based on the severity of the symptoms. Possible treatment options include medications to reduce the heart’s workload, lower blood pressure, and prevent the formation of blood clots. In some cases, devices like pacemakers and defibrillators may be implanted to help control heart rhythm. Surgical interventions, such as alcohol septal ablation, septal myectomy (removing part of the heart’s wall), mitral valve replacement, or even heart transplantation, may be considered in more severe cases.

At home, individuals with HCM should be cautious about engaging in strenuous activities that require significant effort, such as shoveling snow. High-intensity exercises and competitive sports should generally be avoided. Instead, most people with HCM can safely participate in low to moderate-intensity exercises, like walking, but it is crucial to consult with their healthcare provider to determine the appropriate activity level for them.

Lifestyle modifications, such as maintaining a healthy weight and following a heart-healthy diet, are essential aspects of managing HCM. Additionally, limiting alcohol consumption is crucial, especially if advised by a healthcare provider or during pregnancy or potential pregnancy.

To improve overall heart health, it is vital to avoid using any products that contain nicotine or tobacco, including cigarettes, chewing tobacco, and vaping devices (e-cigarettes). If needed, individuals should seek support and assistance from their healthcare provider to quit these habits.

Knowing how to perform CPR is essential for all members of the household in case of emergencies, given the potential risks associated with HCM.

Regular follow-up visits with healthcare providers are necessary for ongoing monitoring of the condition and adjusting treatment plans as needed.

If individuals experience new or worsening symptoms related to HCM, they should seek prompt medical attention. Urgent medical help is crucial if they experience chest pain or shortness of breath, especially during or after exercise, fainting, difficulty breathing at rest, swelling in the feet or ankles, irregular or rapid heartbeats, or any other concerning symptoms.

It is important to remember that the information provided here is not intended to replace advice given by healthcare professionals. Individuals with HCM should always discuss any questions or concerns they have with their healthcare providers for personalized guidance and care.