The Human Brain during the First Trimester 40- to 42-mm Crown-Rump Lengths

Description:

This sixth of 15 short atlases reimagines the classic 5-volume Atlas of Human Central Nervous System Development. This volume presents serial sections from specimens between 40 mm and 42 mm with detailed annotations, together with 3D reconstructions. An introduction summarizes human CNS development by using high-resolution photos of methacrylate-embedded rat embryos at a similar stage of development as the human specimens in this volume. The accompanying Glossary gives definitions for all the terms used in this volume and all the others in the Atlas.

Features

• Classic anatomical atlas
• Detailed labeling of structures in the developing brain offers updated terminology and the identification of unique developmental features, such as, germinal matrices of specific neuronal populations and migratory streams of young neurons
• Appeals to neuroanatomists, developmental biologists, and clinical practitioners
• A valuable reference work on brain development that will be relevant for decades

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INTRODUCTION

ORGANIZATION OF THE ATLAS

This is the sixth book in the Atlas of Human Central Nervous System Development series, 2nd Edition. It deals with human brain development in three normal specimens during the middle first trimester with crown-rump (CR) lengths from 40- to 42-mm and estimated gestation weeks (GW) from 9.5 to 9.6 (Loughna et al., 2009). These specimens were analyzed in Volume 4 of the 1st Edition (Bayer and Altman, 2006). One specimen (M841) is from the Minot Collection.1 The other two (C886 and C6658) are from the Carnegie Collection.2 Both collections are now in the National Museum of Health and Medicine, which used to be located at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP) in Walter Reed Hospital in Washington, D.C. When the AFIP closed, the National Museum moved to Silver Springs, MD; this collection is still available for research. M841 is cut in the frontal/horizontal plane, C886 in the horizontal plane, and C6658 is cut in the sagittal plane. The three section planes in specimens of the same age give a more complete perspective of the structure of the brain at this time. As in the previous volumes of the Atlas, each specimen is presented in serial grayscale photographs of its Nissl-stained sections showing the brain and surrounding tissues (Parts II–IV). The photographs are shown from anterior to posterior (frontal/horizontal specimen), dorsal to ventral (horizontal specimen), and medial to lateral (sagittal specimen). The dorsal part of each frontal/horizontal section is toward the top of the page, the ventral part at the bottom, and the midline is in the vertical center. In the horizontal specimen, the left side of the section is anterior, right side, posterior, and the midline is in the horizontal center. In the sagittal specimen, the left side of each section is anterior, right side posterior, top side dorsal, and bottom side ventral.

PLATE PREPARATION

All sections of a given specimen were photographed at the same magnification. Sections throughout the entire specimen were photographed in serial order with Kodak technical pan black-and-white negative film (#TP442). The film was developed for 6 to 7 minutes in dilution F of Kodak HC-110 developer, stop bath for 30 seconds, Kodak fixer for 5 minutes, Kodak hypo-clearing agent for 1 minute, running water rinse for 10 minutes, and a brief rinse in Kodak photo-flo before drying. Negatives were scanned as color positives at 2700 dots per inch (dpi) with a Nikon Coolscan-1000 35-mm negative film scanner attached to a Macintosh PowerMac G3 computer which had a plug-in driver built into Adobe Photoshop. Images were converted to 300 dpi using the non-resampling method for image size. Using the powerful features of Adobe photoshop, contrast was enhanced, uneven staining was correct ed, and areas of uneven exposure were slightly darkened or lightened…

Table of contents :

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
AUTHORS
PART I: INTRODUCTION
Organization of the Atlas
Plate Preparation
Development in Specimens (CR 40 – 42 mm)
References
PART II: 42-mm Crown-Rump Length, M841, Frontal/Horizontal
Plates 1–20 A–B
PART III: 42-mm Crown-Rump Length, C886, Horizontal
Plates 21–22 A–B
Plates 23–30 A–D
Plates 31–38 A–B
PART IV: 40-mm Crown-Rump Length, C6658, Sagittal
Plates 39–49 A–D
High-Magnification Plates 50-65 A–B