Blockchain Technology in e-Healthcare Management

Description:

The healthcare arena has seen a shift in recent years, with more healthcare provisions being delivered or managed via electronic means. Healthcare providers can now provide patients with diagnosis, treatment, monitoring, or a prescription without ever sharing the same physical space. With so much more patient data now stored and accessed electronically, the security of this information is ever more critical to the delivery of effective and efficient healthcare services. As blockchains are resistant to modification of their data, blockchain technology therefore provides traceable and reliable security to e-Healthcare systems and services.

Introducing the fundamentals of blockchain technology and discussing its applications in the e-Healthcare sphere, the editors highlight recent research and development in blockchain technology, specifically in healthcare environments such as e-healthcare records and data security, health insurance management and fraud detection, pharmaceutical supply chain management and drug traceability, and IoT enabled patient monitoring. Including a case study on managing e-Healthcare data the editors also explore the challenges and future directions of using blockchain technology in delivering and managing e-Healthcare provision.

Written by a range of international experts, the book will be of interest to researchers and academics in information security, data scientists, and healthcare professionals/administrators with responsibility for e-Healthcare records.

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Preface

Nowadays, approx. 2.5 quintillion bytes of data are produced every day and most of the data are communicated over the internet. As there are many hackers and malicious users over the Internet, security and trust issues are very critical. Blockchain is a novel technique to solve these issues, which allows a radical way of executing transactions among several entities, such as businesses, individuals, and machines. Blockchain can be defined as a Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) that secures and records transactions in a Peer to Peer (P2P) network instead of using single or many servers. Here, each record is saved on many interconnected systems, which keep identical information. In a blockchain network, numerous transactions are grouped into several blocks, and each block is linked to the previous block. Information of a blockchain network is immutably recorded across a P2P network by each block. Blockchain has many applications, such as healthcare, finance, Internet of Things (IoT), data storage, decentralized cryptocurrency, and many more.

In the healthcare sector, e-healthcare is very important in which Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tools are used to maintain the health information of any patient. Currently, healthcare records are saved in databases controlled by an individual user, organization, or large groups of organizations. As there are numerous malicious users, this information must not be shared with other organizations due to security issues and the chances of the data being modified or tampered. Blockchain technology can be used in e-healthcare systems to securely exchange healthcare data, which can be accessed by organizations sharing the same network, allowing doctors/practitioners to provide better care for patients. The key properties of blockchain technology, such as immutability and transparency, improve e-healthcare interoperability.

This edited book discusses many applications of blockchain technology in e-healthcare management, including applications in the pharmaceutical industry, healthcare data security, and many more. Chapter 1 of this edited book discusses the fundamentals of blockchain technology. Chapter 2 represents how blockchain technology can be used to manage healthcare records, while Chapter 3 deliberates upon applications of blockchain technology in the pharmaceutical sector. Chapter 4 focuses on many techniques that are being used to manage health insurance using blockchain technology. Nowadays, blockchain technology is continuously used in various ways to improve e-healthcare data security, which are discussed in Chapter 5. Chapter 6 deals with the integration of blockchain technology with IoT to monitor a patient’s health. After that, Chapter 7 represents a case study of blockchain technology to manage e-healthcare data. Finally, challenges and future work directions in e-healthcare using blockchain technology are represented in Chapter 8.

Suyel Namasudra and Victor Hugo C. de Albuquerque

Editors

Table of contents :
Cover
Contents
About the Editors
Preface
1 Blockchain technology: fundamentals, applications, and challenges
Abstract
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Fundamentals of blockchain technology
1.2.1 History
1.2.2 Characteristics
1.2.3 Advantages
1.2.4 Disadvantages
1.2.5 Types
1.3 Technical details of blockchain technology
1.3.1 Block
1.3.2 Chaining of blocks
1.3.3 Merkle tree
1.3.4 Consensus algorithm
1.3.5 Smart contract
1.3.6 Hyperledger
1.4 Applications of blockchain technology
1.4.1 Applications of blockchain technology in healthcare
1.4.2 Applications of blockchain in banking and finance
1.4.3 Applications of blockchain in government
1.4.4 Applications of blockchain in manufacturing
1.4.5 Applications of blockchain in other industries
1.5 Challenges in adopting blockchain technology
1.6 Conclusions
References
2 e-Healthcare record management using blockchain technology
Abstract
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Electronic health record
2.2.1 Benefits of using EHRs
2.2.2 Risks of EHR
2.3 Monitoring and managing e-healthcare data using blockchain technology
2.3.1 Patient data management
2.3.2 Prescription management
2.4 Drug traceability using blockchain technology
2.4.1 Drug safety
2.4.2 Drug efficacy and effectiveness
2.4.3 Drug logistics
2.4.4 Global challenges to logistics
2.4.5 Blockchain in managing drug logistics
2.5 The use case for blockchain technology in healthcare
2.5.1 Clinical trials
2.5.2 Smart contracts
2.6 Challenges to implement blockchain technology in e-healthcare record management
2.7 Conclusions and future scope
References
3 Blockchain in pharmaceutical sector
Abstract
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Pharmaceutical drug discovery
3.2.1 Discovery and development
3.2.2 Pre-clinical research process
3.2.3 Clinical drug development and regulatory approval process
3.2.4 FDA review
3.2.5 Post-market monitoring
3.3 Pharmaceutical supply chain management and its challenges
3.4 Supplier consortiums and preventive maintenance
3.4.1 Quality agreements
3.4.2 License agreements
3.4.3 Product supply agreements
3.4.4 Research and development agreements
3.5 Clinical trails
3.5.1 Need for traceability in clinical trials
3.5.2 Revolutionizing clinical trials using blockchain technology
3.6 Pharmaceutical supply chain management using blockchain technology
3.7 Conclusions
References
4 Managing health insurance using blockchain technology
Abstract
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The insurance industry: its aspects and challenges
4.3 Causality in health insurance
4.4 Blockchain technology: a revolution in the health insurance industry
4.5 Customer service management of health insurance using blockchain technology
4.5.1 Monitor and response management
4.5.2 Complaint and grievances management
4.6 Health insurance claim management using blockchain technology
4.7 Health insurance bill management using blockchain technology
4.8 Fraud detection and risk prevention in health insurance using blockchain technology
4.9 Health insurance data record and sharing management using blockchain technology
4.10 Limitations and future directions
4.10.1 Limitations
4.10.2 Future directions
4.11 Conclusions
References
5 e-Healthcare data security using blockchain technology
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Motivation
5.1.2 Contributions
5.1.3 Organization of the chapter
5.2 Healthcare data storage and security: a conceptual scenario
5.2.1 Evolution of the healthcare industry
5.2.2 Common threats in the healthcare industry
5.2.3 Threat model
5.2.4 How to keep patient data secure
5.3 Blockchain architecture
5.4 Smart contract modeling
5.4.1 Requirement of innovative contract-based blockchain in healthcare 4.0
5.5 Improving security of e-healthcare data using blockchain technology
5.5.1 Maintaining secured and trusted records of healthcare using blockchain-based federated learning
5.5.2 Identity preservation using the blockchain-based application
5.6 Recording patient consent using non-fungible tokens
5.7 Security breaches of blockchain in the healthcare industry
5.8 Future scope in the healthcare industry
5.9 Conclusion
References
6 IoT and blockchain technology-based healthcare monitoring
Abstract
6.1 Introduction
6.2 IoT devices for health monitoring
6.3 e-Healthcare data collection using IoT devices
6.3.1 Applications of AI and big data in e-healthcare data collection
6.3.2 e-Healthcare data collection using IoT devices
6.4 e-Healthcare IoT topology
P2P network topology
Current Z-wave application for e-health
6.5 IoT and blockchain technology for remote patient monitoring
6.5.1 Blockchain in health sector
6.6 Fake drug detection using IoT and blockchain technology
6.6.1 Underused technology
6.7 Conclusions
References
7 Case study: a novel system to manage e-healthcare data by using blockchain technology
Abstract
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Literature reviews
7.3 Preliminary studies
7.3.1 The need of a decentralized model for healthcare
7.3.2 Blockchain and distributed ledger applications for healthcare
7.3.3 Hyperledger fabric
7.4 Proposed scheme
7.4.1 Assets and rules at the blockchain level
7.4.2 Workflow description
7.5 Results and discussion
7.5.1 Experimental environment
7.5.2 Proof of concept simulations
7.5.3 Performance considerations
7.6 Conclusion
References
8 Challenges and future work directions in e-healthcare using blockchain technology
Abstract
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Requirements for developing blockchain-based healthcare applications
8.2.1 Multi-party and trust
8.2.2 Storage
8.2.3 Availability, scalability, and real-time processing
8.2.4 Data integrity, consistency, and immutability
8.2.5 Interoperability, data transparency, and validation
8.2.6 User privacy
8.2.7 Identity and key management
8.2.8 Technology acceptance and costs
8.2.9 Legalization of blockchain technology
8.3 Key challenges for healthcare applications using blockchain technology
8.3.1 Healthcare challenges
8.3.2 Blockchain adoption challenges
8.4 Benefits and drawbacks of existing blockchain-based healthcare applications
8.4.1 Health data and EHR
8.4.2 Scalability analysis
8.4.3 Supply chain management
8.5 Future work directions
8.5.1 Healthcare blockchain-based application trends
8.5.2 Blockchain architectural trends
8.6 Conclusion
References
Index
Back Cover