Description
Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) offers a consolidated view of a complex disorder by summarizing the latest evidence-based studies and translating their findings into practical, actionable knowledge. This concise resource covers the fundamentals of AMD diagnosis and treatment. It operates under a modern definition of AMD which acknowledges the range of presentations that ophthalmologists see in practice. Offering practical, clinical guidance in addition to capturing new therapeutic approaches in the pipeline, this book is an essential reference for ophthalmologists, optometrists, and researchers.
Table of contents
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Cover image
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Title page
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Table of Contents
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Copyright
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Dedication
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About the author
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Preface
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Acknowledgments
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Chapter 1. Overview and definition of age-related macular degeneration
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Age-related macular degeneration as a leading cause of blindness among the elderly population
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AMD and its negative impact on quality of life
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AMD and its socioeconomic burden for the healthcare system
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AMD as a disease of the macular neurovascular complex
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AMD as an inflammatory disease
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Genetics of AMD
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Translation of the advances in research on AMD into better clinical management for patients
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Chapter 2. Epidemiology of age-related macular degeneration
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Prevalence and incidence
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Risk factors of AMD by various epidemiologic studies
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Subretinal drusenoid deposits/reticular pseudodrusen and AMD
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Chapter 3. Classification of age-related macular degeneration
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AMD classification based on drusen and pigmentary changes before OCT era
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Validation and revision of the AREDS classification of AMD in OCT era
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Classification of drusen and pigmentary changes by polarization-sensitive OCT
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Classification analysis of junctional zone of GA by OCT
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Consensus classification analyses of GA in OCT era
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GA growth rate dependent on lesion location
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Choroidal neovascularization associated AMD classification in OCT era
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Chapter 4. Signs and symptoms of age-related macular degeneration
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Undetectable and detectable signs of early AMD
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Drusen and pigmentary changes
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Drusenoid pigment epithelial detachment
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Clinical characteristics of drusen by multimodal imaging techniques
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Cuticular drusen
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Reticular pseudodrusen/subretinal drusenoid deposits
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Nonexudative AMD
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Neovascular AMD
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Retinal pigment epithelial detachment associated with and without CNV
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Retinal pigment epithelial tear
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Chapter 5. Diagnosis of age-related macular degeneration
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History and risk factors of AMD
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Drusen examined by multimodal imaging technique
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Dry AMD diagnosed by multimodal imaging techniques
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Diagnosis of neovascular AMD from FA era to OCT era
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Chapter 6. Differential diagnosis of age-related macular degeneration
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Differential diagnosis of dry AMD
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Differential diagnosis of neovascular AMD
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Chapter 7. Pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration
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Pathophysiology of macular neurovascular complex in AMD
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RPE mitochondrial bioenergetic crisis and oxidative stress in AMD
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Hypoxia, oxidative stress and dysfunction of RPE in AMD
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Role of oxidative stress and inflammation in pathogenesis of AMD
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Composition and formation of drusen
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Pigmentary abnormalities and RPE migration in dry AMD
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Autophagy deficiency, RPE degeneration, and cell death in AMD
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Chapter 8. Pathogenesis of neovascular age-related macular degeneration
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Angiogenesis and CNV formation
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NADPH oxidase-derived ROS and angiogenesis
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Cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions in CNV formation
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VEGF and beyond
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Chapter 9. Genetics of age-related macular degeneration
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Mendelian diseases and complex diseases
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Heritability of AMD
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Molecular genetics of AMD
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The genetics of early-stage and late-stage AMD
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Complement pathway genes and AMD
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Inflammation and immune-related genes
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Other replicated loci with high genetic effect on AMD
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Mitochondrial genes and AMD
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Potential extrinsic and intrinsic triggers of AMD-related inflammation
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Genetics and response to AMD therapies
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Genetic predictive biomarkers of anti-VEGF
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Proteomic biomarkers for AMD risk
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Chapter 10. Management of age-related macular degeneration
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Management of dry AMD
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Management of neovascular AMD
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Chapter 11. Therapy in pipeline for age-related macular degeneration
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The therapeutic pipeline for dry AMD
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Inhibition of inflammation and complement activation
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Neuroprotection
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Visual cycle modulation
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Inflammasome inhibition
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Matrix modulation
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HtrA1 inhibitor
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Stem cell-based treatment
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Therapies for neovascular AMD in pipeline
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Extracellular VEGF pathways
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Tyrosine kinase inhibitor pathways
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Tie2 activation pathways
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Integrin pathways
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Chapter 12. Basic and clinical studies of AMD in future: questions more than answers
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Epidemiology models herald a challenging future
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Molecular genetics-based strategies for AMD prevention and treatment
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Future translational research of AMD: learning from oncology
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Future translational research of AMD by multidisplinary approach
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Index
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