Association of mycoplasma with prostate cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis
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- Title: Association of mycoplasma with prostate cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis
- Author: Ourlad Alzeus G. Tantengco a, Inah Marie C. Aquino a, Mariana de Castro Silva b, Raniv D. Rojo a,Cybele Lara R. Abad b,c,
- Publication: Cancer Epidemiology
- Publisher: Elsevier Inc
- Year: 2021
- Language: English
- Pages: 6
- Format: PDF
- File size: 1.627 KB
- DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2021.102021
- CBID: CBR325
Highlights
- • Prostate cancer patients had 2.24 times higher odds of mycoplasma colonization than benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) patients.
- • Prostate cancer patients had 3.6 times increased odds of being colonized with Ureaplasma spp. than BPH patients.
- • This highlights the potential association between chronic mycoplasma infection and prostate cancer.
Abstract
Mycoplasmas are emerging sexually transmitted pathogens usually associated with male urinary tract infection, non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU), infertility, and prostate cancer. In this study, we review the evidence linking mycoplasma infection and prostate cancer. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis based on PRISMA guidelines. Four electronic databases were reviewed through January 31, 2021. Studies were eligible for inclusion if odds ratio for prevalence or incidence of colonization and/or infection were provided or calculable. All included studies were evaluated independently by three reviewers. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for Case-Control Studies. Statistical analysis was done using Review Manager Version 5.4. A total of 183/744 (24.6 %) patients with prostate cancer compared to 87/495 (17.58 %) patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) tested positive for Mycoplasma spp., while 86/666 (12.91 %) and 11/388 (2.84 %) prostate cancer patients and BPH patients, respectively, had Ureaplasma spp. infections. This meta-analysis showed that prostate cancer patients had 2.24 times higher odds (p = 0.0005) of being colonized with any species of Mycoplasma spp. and 3.6 times increased odds (p = 0.008) of being colonized with any species of Ureaplasma spp. In conclusion, patients with prostate cancer were more likely to be colonized with Mycoplasma spp. or Ureaplasma spp. compared to patients with BPH, which highlights the potential association between chronic infection and cancer. However, more studies are needed to determine the specific role that mycoplasma plays in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer.
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Introduction
Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer and the fifth leading cause of cancer death in men worldwide. In 2020, a total of 1,414,259 new cases and 373,304 deaths were reported [ ]. The incidence and mortality of prostate cancer correlates with increasing age, with the common age of diagnosis of 66 years [ ]. The 5-year survival rate of prostate cancer is high when diagnosed early [ , ]. In the US it is estimated to be as high as 98 % [ , ]. In Europe, the 5-year survival rate varies from 76 % to 88 % [ ].
The etiological role of sexually transmitted infections (STI) in the development of prostate cancer was first studied in the 1950s, and prostate inflammation, chronic inflammation, and atrophy were considered as possible mechanisms leading to prostate cancer [ ]. Mycoplasmas are emerging sexually transmitted pathogens [ ] and are one of the most isolated species in the male urogenital tract [ ]. The common species identified in the human urogenital tract include Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma genitalium, and Ureaplasma urealyticum [ , ]. These bacteria are usually associated with male urinary tract infection, non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU), and infertility [ ]. However, recent studies have investigated the involvement of mycoplasmas in the development of prostate cancer due to the chronic nature of infection [ ].
Although studies have connected mycoplasma infection with prostate cancer, substantial evidence is still lacking. We thus conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies to determine the association of mycoplasma colonization and/or infection with prostate cancer.
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